3. What is the primary function of a compiler in the context of programming languages? (A) To execute program instructions line by line during runtime. (B) To translate source code written in a high-level language into machine code or an intermediate language, typically before execution. (C) To manage the allocation and deallocation of memory for program variables. (D) To provide a runtime environment and libraries for program execution.

10.In a multi-user database environment, complex interactions between simultaneous transactions can lead to undesirable outcomes such as "lost updates" (where one transaction's changes are overwitten by another), "dirty reads" (where a transaction reads uncommitted data from another transaction), and "inconsistent reads" (where a transaction reads different values for the same data item at different points in time). Which core aspect of database management, typically managed within the database architecture, is primarily responsible for addressing and preventing these types of anomalies? (A) Indexing, which optimizes data retrieval by creating sorted pointers to data records, thereby speeding up query execution and reducing the likelihood of data conflicts. (B) Relational Algebra, which provides a theoretical foundation for querying and manipulating data in relational databases, enabling structured data operations. (C) Concurrency Control, which employs various mechanisms to manage the interleaved execution of transactions, ensuring data integrity and transaction isolation. (D) B-trees, a tree data structure used for efficient storage and retrieval of data on disk, enabling fast lookup, insertion, and deletion operations within a database.

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