31. In the following sentence from Paragraph 4, what does "these biases" most likely refer to? "Both Cao Cao and the Duke of Medina Sidonia—the Spanish Armada's commander—exhibited these biases in ways that directly contributed to their defeats."
(A) The intelligence failures documented in both campaigns.
(B) The organizational rigidities present in both naval forces.
(C) The environmental challenges faced during both campaigns.
(D) Overconfidence bias, confirmation bias, and the availability heuristic.