45. Mrs. Cook asks her students, “What countries or continents do you recognize?” in order to activate their prior knowledge. What is this instructional technique called?
(A) scaffolding
(B) echoing
(C) agency
(D) schema

19. The passing on of language features such as words between people and the process of inheritance that underlies linguistic evolution is called ________. (A) language overextension (B) language allomorph (C) language transmission (D) language similarity

20. A subfield of linguistic semantics, the study of word meanings, includes the study of how words structure their meaning, how they act in grammar and compositionality, and the relationships between the distinct senses and uses of a word is called ________. (A) logical semantics (B) cognitive semantics (C) lexical semantics (D) formal semantics

21. In which of the following sentences does the phrase “the teacher” play the semantic role of an agent? (A) The teacher was praised by the students. (B) The teacher felt tired after the long class. (C) The teacher gave the students homework. (D) It was the teacher that the students trusted.

22. Which of the following is the presupposition of “Mr. Chen’s daughter stole the book”? (A) Mr. Chen had a daughter. (B) Mr. Chen’s daughter took the book. (C) Mr. Chen’s son did not steal the book. (D) Mr. Chen’s daughter was caught stealing.

23. Which of the following best describes the relationship between sensitive or critical periods and language acquisition? (A) There may be different sensitive or critical periods for different types of language skills. (B) Sensitive or critical periods dictate that language acquisition is impossible after a certain age. (C) Sensitive or critical periods refer to times when individuals are more likely to lose language abilities. (D) The brain's ability to acquire language peaks during the teenage years, making it the best time to learn a new language.

24. What does U-shaped learning in language acquisition represent? (A) The child consistently improved their language skills over time. For example, they started by saying "went" and continued using it correctly without making errors. (B) The child initially acquired the correct form but then stopped using it. For example, they began by saying “went” and later stopped using it without any apparent reason. (C) The child began with a silent period and then moved on to using an overgeneralized form. For example, they initially said nothing and later started saying “goed” instead of “went”. (D) The child initially spoke correctly, for example, saying "went," then made errors like "goed", before eventually returning to "went" as they learned exceptions.

25. Which one is the function word in this sentence? “Joe’s book, which he left behind, is resting under the desk.” (A) book (B) the (C) desk (D) left

26. Which phonetic symbol best matches the description “voiced alveolar stop”? (A) [t] in the word “tie” (B) [d] in the word “dough” (C) [s] in the word “sue” (D) [z] in the word “zoo”

27. Which of the following is NOT considered a suprasegmental feature? (A) pitch (B) intonation (C) vowel sounds (D) stress

28. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the onset? (A) It’s the initial phonological unit of any word. (B) It contains the initial consonant blend such as spr in the word “spring.” (C) Not all words have onsets. (D) It contains the vowel and any final consonants.

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