17. Which of the following statement concerning “autonomic-endocrine-immune interaction in pain” is least
likely?
(A) Cytokines are involved in the sensitization of nociceptors during inflammation and may lead to
hyperalgesia
(B) Proinflammatory cytokines are synthesized and released by macrophages and other immune-related
cells
(C) IL-4 is categorized as an anti-inflammatory interleukin
(D) IL-1, IL-10 and TNF-α are categorized as proinflammatory cytokines
(E) TNF-α induces synthesis and release of IL-8, which activates sympathetic terminals that synthesize
nociceptors via β2-adrenoceptors
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