醫學二：100題 ( 包括生理學,生化學,藥理學,病理學等科目及其臨床相關知識 )題庫下載題庫

Ventricular filling and therefore preload is increased by:
Increased central venous pressure that can result from decreased venous compliance (e.g., caused by sympathetic activation of venous smooth muscle) or increased thoracic blood volume. The latter can be increased by either increased total blood volume or by venous return augmented by increased respiratory activity, increased skeletal muscle pump activity, or by effects gravity (e.g., head-down tilt).
Increased ventricular compliance, which results in a greater expansion of the chamber during filling at a given filling pressure.
Increased a...
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Ventricular filling and therefore preload is increased by:
Increased central venous pressure that can result from decreased venous compliance (e.g., caused by sympathetic activation of venous smooth muscle) or increased thoracic blood volume. The latter can be increased by either increased total blood volume or by venous return augmented by increased respiratory activity, increased skeletal muscle pump activity, or by effects gravity (e.g., head-down tilt).
Increased ventricular compliance, which results in a greater expansion of the chamber during filling at a given filling pressure.
Increased atrial force of contraction resulting from sympathetic stimulation of the atria or from increased filling of the atria and therefore increased atrial contractile force through the Frank-Starling mechanism.
Reduced heart rate, which increases ventricular filling time.
Increased aortic pressure, which increases the afterload on the ventricle, reduces stroke volume by increasing end-systolic volume, and leads to a secondary increase in ventricular preload.
Pathological conditions such as ventricular systolic failure and valve defects such as aortic stenosis, and aortic regurgitation (pulmonary valve stenosis and regurgitation have similar effects on right ventricular preload).

https://cvphysiology.com/Cardiac%20Function/CF007