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助動詞 can, should, may / might, must 等字的後面是接原形動詞較常見

但以上這些字接原形動詞的話, 指的都是現在或未來的事

You should drink more water. 

I must go to that meeting. 

“could + 原形動詞” 則有時是指過去某個時候會做的事

He could play the piano when he was three.

 I could stay up all night when I was younger.

有時 “could + 原形動詞” 則是表示客氣的請求

Could you close the window, please?

也有時候是表示現在或未來某件事的可能性 (語調上會把 could 這個字刻意拉高強調)

You could try the new flavor, but I wouldn’t recommend it.

(你是可以去試試那個新口味, 但我不推薦)

助動詞 can, should, may / might, must 等字的後面是接原形動詞較常見

但以上這些字接原形動詞的話, 指的都是現在或未來的事

You should drink more water. 

I must go to that meeting. 

“could + 原形動詞” 則有時是指過去某個時候會做的事

He could play the piano when he was three.

 I could stay up all night when I was younger.

有時 “could + 原形動詞” 則是表示客氣的請求

Could you close the window, please?

也有時候是表示現在或未來某件事的可能性 (語調上會把 could 這個字刻意拉高強調)

You could try the new flavor, but I wouldn’t recommend it.

(你是可以去試試那個新口味, 但我不推薦)

A: Could I borrow your phone for a minute?

B: You could, but I’m expecting a call, so don’t take long.

而 will + 原形動詞則是未來簡單式的用法

表示在未來某時間蠻肯定會發生的事

I will meet with the CEO tomorrow.

would + 原形動詞則也可以表達客氣請求, 像Would you…

有時也是表示委婉的拒絕, “我是願意..., 但...)

 I would help you, but I’m kind of busy right now.

could, may / might , must, should, would 這些助動詞加完成式 have p.p. 的話

全部都是在指過去的事情, 而且幾乎都是一種 ”放馬後炮” 的意思

注意這些字是助動詞, 所以後面的 have 一律用原形

could have p.p. 是 ”(當時/之前) 原本可以...”的意思

I could have done better on the test, but I ran out of time.

You could have told me you would be late, so I wouldn’t have had to wait so long.

may / might have p.p. 則是 ”(當時/之前)也許是...” 的意思

may 和 might 通用, 表示對過去某件事的推測

Stella didn’t pick up the phone. She might have gone to bed when I called.

would have p.p. 則是 ”(當時/之前) 原本會...”的意思

 I would have helped him, but he was too lazy.

She would have quit her job if she didn’t have to raise two kids on her own.

should have p.p. 則是 ”(當時/之前) 原本應該...” 的意思

You shouldn’t have gotten me a gift.

 He shouldn’t have bought that big TV.

He shouldn’t buy that TV. 

must have p.p. 則是 ”(當時/之前) 一定是...”的意思

特別注意這裡的 must 不是 ”必須” 的意思了

He fell asleep while he was driving. He must have been very tired.

A: I don’t know what he saw in her. 

B: Well, it must have been true love.