What is the main idea of the passage above?
(A) The United Kingdom attempts to introduce the intelligence-led policing approach to the world.
(B) Linking together information from a wide range of sources is the key to successful policing.
(C) It is important to strike a balance between the intelligence-led policing model and the community policing model.
(D) Intelligence-led policing has gradually become the dominant approach to policing in the United Kingdom.

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統計: A(10), B(35), C(69), D(90), E(0) #392741

詳解 (共 4 筆)

#1074392
United Kingdom:英國
 
intelligence-led policing:情報導向警政
 
community policing model:社區警政模式
 
From the mid-1990s, “intelligence” has increasingly displaced “community” in policing discourses.
從1990年代中期,在警政discourses中,「情報導向警政」已增加並替代了「社區警政」。

In the United Kingdom, this has been the case since 1993 when the Audit Commission proposed a new policing model centered on police-informant relationships.
英國,自從1993年當Audit Commission(審計署)主張一個以警政資訊關係為中心的新的警政模式以來,就一直如此。

從那之後,首席警官已採用「情報導向警政」的語言去描述警政服務。就本質而言,情報導向警政包括從大範圍的資源中連結彼此的資訊──從開放的資源以及公開資訊到暗中得到的,以建立一張合成圖片。這將會強調人,物,地點以及事件之間的關係,而這對於支持被描述的警政目的是必要的。辨識這些連結,便能對優先順序以及需要被管理風險的資源做決策。
 
然而,在1990年代較末期,當情報導向警政和社區警政還不是很清楚時有個問題。Home Office(英國內政部)和Chief Police Officers(首席警官)偵查時同時使用這兩種模式。當越來越多的地方警政單位被授權去解決地方問題的時候,Chief Police Officers也要偵查需要警察去發展的情報導向取向並對地方線人來源予以建檔。這些策略似乎非常不同甚至衝突。情報導向警政取向對於解決重大案例,包括毒品買賣或恐怖主義比較適合,而很多人認為社區警政比較適合解決地方議題。因此,警官一般慣行的反應風格會與模式不一致。

It was not until the turn of the millennium that the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) proposed the National Intelligence Model (NIM)--a single intelligence-led approach at “nearly” all levels of policing. 
這直到千禧年才有了轉折,國家刑事情報局(NCIS)提出了國家情報模式(NIM)──一種在「幾乎」所有警政levels的單一情報導向取向。
 
While there has been some recent discussion of reintegrating community policing and the NIM through neighborhood safety initiatives and the hiring of reassurance police officers in the past half-decade, community policing has taken a secondary role to intelligence-led approaches.
同時最近已經有一些整合社區警政和NIM的討論,透過社區安全行動以及過去五年內僱用的警察再保證,社區警政對情報導向取向而言,已是次要的角色。(C)→都說是次要了,所以不可能是取得平衡

這篇主旨為?
(A)英國企圖把情報導向警政介紹到全世界。
(B)從大範圍的資源連結彼此的資訊是成功警政的關鍵。
(C)在情報導向警政模式和社區警政模式之間取得平衡是重要的。
(D)情報導向警政在英國警政已經逐漸成為主要的取向。
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#572413

From the mid-1990s, “intelligence” has increasingly displaced “community” in policing discourses. In the United Kingdom, this has been the case since 1993 when the Audit Commission proposed a new policing model centered on police-informant relationships. Since then, Chief Police Officers have adopted the language of "intelligence-led policing" to describe police services. In essence, intelligence-led policing involves linking together information from a wide range of sources--from open source and publicly available information to that obtained covertly [1]in order to build up a composite[2] picture. This will highlight links between people, objects, locations and events that are essential in supporting the policing purposes described. Identifying these links enables decisions to be made about priorities and resources needed to manage risk. There was, however, a problem during the latter part of the 1990s when the relationship between intelligence-led and community policing remained unclear. The Home Office and Chief Police Officers touted [3]both simultaneously. As local police units were increasingly empowered to address local problems, Chief Police Officers were also touting an intelligence-led approach that required police to develop and tap into local informant sources. These strategies appeared disparate [4]and even contradictory. The intelligence-led approach seemed appropriate for addressing major cases involving drug trafficking [5]or terrorism whereas [6]many considered community policing to be appropriate for addressing local issues. As a result, constables [7]have generally sustained a reactive style inconsistent with either model. It was not until the turn of the millennium [8]that the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) proposed the National Intelligence Model (NIM)--a single intelligence-led approach at “nearly” all levels of policing. While there has been some recent discussion of reintegrating [9]community policing and the NIM through neighborhood safety initiatives [10]and the hiring of reassurance police officers in the past half-decade, community policing has taken a secondary role to intelligence-led approaches.


[1] ad.

1. 祕密地; 偷偷摸摸地

[2] a.

1. 合成的, 復合的, 混成的

[3]偵查, 暗查

[4] 1. 不同的; 異類的

[5]非法交易(尤指毒品買賣)

[6] 1. (公文用語, 常用在句首)鑑於2. 反之; ;

[7] 1. (美國鎮、區等的)警官; 治安官

[8]千禧年

[9]使再完整; 恢復; 重建

[10]主動權

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#4903760
disparate
adjective
   formalUK  /ˈdɪs.pər.ət/ US  /ˈdɪs.pɚ.ət/
different in every way
截然不同的,迥然相異的
The two cultures were so utterly disparate that she found it hard to adapt from one to the other.這兩種文化截然不同,她發現很難由一種文化轉而去適應另一種文化。
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#4903770
tout
verb
UK  /taʊt/ US  /taʊt/

tout verb (MAKE KNOWN)

T ]
to advertisetalk about, or praise something or someone repeatedlyespecially as a way of encouraging people to like, accept, or buy something
(尤指為了提高銷售額、知名度或推動發展)給…做廣告,宣傳,讚揚,吹捧
The minister has been touting these ideas for some time.教育部長一段時間以來一直在宣傳這些理念。
He is being widely touted as the next leader of the party.到處都在宣傳他是党的下一任領袖。
local car dealership was touting its services/wares on the radio.一家地方汽車特許經銷商正在當地電臺作宣傳。
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從1990年中期開始,在警察對話中,“情...
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