【非選題】 VI. 試題評鑑 15% (將文章改寫成 100 字以內適合高三生的 5 題克漏字,要含選項)
Confronting a bully can be difficult, online or off. But a new study may suggest an
alternative: Bystanders might be more willing to step in to help, its author says, if they’re able
to do so without standing up to the bully directly.
For their study, Kelly P. Dillon, a graduate student in communication at Ohio State
University, and Brad J. Bushman told 241 undergraduates they would be testing an online chat
program. But during the “test,” the person supposedly charged with monitoring the chat began
insulting one of the participants (who was actually a member of the research team). Only 10.4
percent of subjects directly intervened to address the insults — by, for instance, asking the chat
monitor, ‘‘How are you being helpful at all right now?” A total of 68 percent, however,
intervened indirectly, by giving the monitor or the chat program itself a bad evaluation.
“So many anti-bullying and anti-harassment intervention programs are ‘if you see
something, say something,’ and this experimental data tells us that that’s a pretty high
threshold,” Ms. Dillon explained. “There are so many other ways that people can intervene.”
She mentioned that the messaging app Yik Yak allows users to “down-vote” posts (that is, to
express their disapproval by clicking a “down” arrow). After five down-votes, the post is
removed — all without anyone having to say anything to an offensive poster directly. “My data
suggests the more indirect ways you can give people to intervene, the more likely it would be
for them to intervene.”
People may be afraid of judging others directly online because it may impact their own
reputation, said Mihaela van der Schaar, a professor of electrical engineering at U.C.L.A. who
has studied reputation on social networks. And they may prefer to express disapproval for a
particular behavior, rather than for a person. “If there is the opportunity to differentiate between
rating the particular behavior” and rating the user, “that may help,” said Dr. van der Schaar.
Dr. van der Schaar noted that social networking companies may not necessarily want to
institute systems for rating and regulating behavior — their business models may depend on
high numbers of users, and they may have no reason to ensure those users behave well. But
companies that do want a rating system to prevent bad behavior should build one that allows
“for differentiating ratings of different types of behaviors, rather than just one value for the
entire individual.” And, she said, the goal should be to “encourage free speech yet give the
opportunity to people to sanction a particular behavior without being afraid that they themselves
may be negatively impacted.”
Indirect intervention could also be valuable in school settings, said Jaana Juvonen, a
psychology professor at U.C.L.A. who has studied bullying. Often, “kids don’t want to get
involved in these situations,” she said. “Deep inside they feel for the victim or the target, but
there is not enough of an impetus” to do something.
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But students who don’t want to confront a bully may still be able to help the target of
bullying. Research shows that having just one friend can mitigate the ill effects of bullying, Dr.
Juvonen said. No one is exactly sure why this is, she added, but “I personally suspect that it’s
the small things.” During an incident of bullying, “the friend may not do anything right then and
there, but when they walk away from that situation the friend just sort of puts their hand on the
shoulder of the target.”
It may be helpful to teach kids, she said, “how the smallest acts of kindness, something
that they may think is totally trivial, may go a long way.”
People are sometimes reluctant to intervene when they see someone being bullied because
of “a misperception of what the norm is,” she added. “When nobody says and does anything
publicly,” she explained, we’re led to believe that everyone’s on the side of the bully “and
nobody’s feeling for the victim.”