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4. 雙語教育、實驗教育、國際教育都是目前教育政策的重點推展項目，本校雙語實驗班已設立多年。請自訂一個課程主題，說明你未來會在公民與社會教學中，如何將雙語教育、實驗教育、國際教育融入該課程主題的教學活動中。（可進行跨領域課程設計）
3. 《最低工資法》於 112 年 12 月 27 日經總統公布，行政院並於最短的時間內，核定自113 年 1 月 1 日施行，我國正式邁入最低工資審議機制的新紀元。請以經濟學概念回答下列問題：

【題組】（3）請以前述概念為主，設計素養導向試題一題（題型不拘），並須提供題文、選項、答案、解析或評分標準。
【題組】（2）請繪製圖示並說明訂定基本工資前後對於生產者、消費者及整體經濟效率的影響。
Reading III
Respiratory diseases cover a broad spectrum, from upper respiratory tract infections to serious conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury (ALI), lung ischemia–reperfusion injury (LIRI), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and lung cancer. These conditions, characterized by structural changes in airway and lung tissues and reduced respiratory function, pose significant health and economic burdens worldwide. Notably, COVID-19 caused 18 million deaths between 2020 and 2021, further emphasizing the global challenge of respiratory diseases.
COPD is the third leading cause of death globally, while ARDS and ALI account for no less than 4% of U.S. hospitalizations annually. Lung cancer, leading in cancer-related deaths, saw 2.24 million new cases and 1.8 million fatalities in 2020, as reported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, infections, and obesity. Despite the availability of treatments like antibiotics and lung transplants, their side effects have prompted the search for innovative therapeutic approaches.
First introduced by Dixon et al. in 2012, ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD), a term distinct from other modes of cell death such as necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, which is essential for maintaining homeostatic balance. Morphologically, ferroptosis features mitochondrial shrinkage, denser membranes, and reduced mitochondrial cristae, with an intact cell membrane and normalsized nucleus without chromatin condensation. Biochemically, ferroptosis is triggered by the depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and a decrease in the activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). This imbalance leads to lipid peroxidation, further exacerbated by Fe2+ through the Fenton reaction, generating a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
【題組】50. What distinguishes ferroptosis from other programmed cell death (PCD) forms? (A) It is the only form of PCD without an impact on the mitochondria. (B) It is a reversible process that does not lead to cell death. (C) It results exclusively from external physical trauma. (D) It features mitochondrial shrinkage and is triggered by the depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH).
【題組】49. Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for respiratory diseases in the passage? (A) Smoking (B) High blood pressure (C) Air pollution (D) Obesity
【題組】48. According to the passage, what is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths? (A) COPD (B) Asthma (C) Lung cancer (D) Pulmonary fibrosis

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