四、何謂道德發展(moral development)?請以柯柏格(Lawrence Kohlberg)之道德發展理論為例,試述其與專業諮商心理師生涯發展間之關係。(25%)
三、何謂意識(consciousness)?請針對意識的不同層面及其與心理治療之關係加以說明。(25%)
二、試說明團體思維(groupthink)的現象、形成條件及預防團體思維出現的方法。(25%)
IV. Reading Comprehension:
Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then, most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject which has blighted their holidays and ruined their evenings.
The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25% of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC's response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University, the London School of Economics and the London Business School.
Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance.The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.
The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.
The ESRC cannot dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways.Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis, too.
40. What the ESRC can do is to _________.(A) force departments to give graduates more teaching time(B) try to persuade universities to change their ways(C) dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners(D) note that students want more research training and less elaborate style of thesis
39. The ESRC would prefer _________.(A) that the students were carrying out purely knowledge-based studies rather than being trained as researchers(B) to see higher standards of PhD students' theses and more ambitious doctoral topics(C) more systematic teaching of research skills to fewer unrealistic expectations placed on inexperienced young PhD students(D) that PhD students were less modest in their aims
38. All the following statements are the arguments against ESRC's policy except _________.(A) all the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negative(B) there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greaterefficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics(C) many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their researchskills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses(D) some polytechnics are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance