Nobody knows what the global temperature is likely to be in the future, for the climate is a system of almost infinite complexity. Predicting how much hotter a particular level of carbon dioxide will make the world is impossible. It’s not just that the precise effect of greenhouse gases on temperature is unclear. It may set off mechanisms that tend to cool things down (clouds which block out sunlight, for instance) or ones that heat the world further (by melting soils in which greenhouse gases are frozen, for instance). The system could right itself or spin out of human control. 

       This uncertainty is central to the difficulty of tackling the problem. Since the costs of climate change are unknown, the benefits of trying to do anything to prevent it are, by definition, unclear. What’s more, if they accrue at all, they will do so at some point in the future. So is it really worth using public resources now to avert an uncertain, distant risk, especially when the cash could be spent instead on goods and services that would have a measurable near-term benefit?

        If the risk is big enough, yes. Governments do it all the time. They spend a small slice of tax revenue on keeping standing armies not because they think their countries are in imminent danger of invasion but because, if it happened, the consequences would be catastrophic. Individuals do so, too. They spend a little of their incomes on household insurance not because they think their homes are likely to be torched next week but because, if it happened, the results would be disastrous. Similarly, a growing body of scientific evidence suggests that the risk of a climatic catastrophe is high enough for the world to spend a small proportion of its income trying to prevent one from happening. 

David knew that doctors were good men, and the adults had always told him that doctors were there to help people when they were ill. So he 36 quietly while the doctor touched him and 37 the dirt away with something from a bottle. It hurt all the time, and then the doctor put something else on his burns, and that hurt, too. But the doctor explained that 38 he did not do it, the burns would be more painful the next day.

    The festival of San Fermin, or the Running of the Bulls as it is more commonly known outside Spain, is held in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona in Spain every year from 6th to 14th July. It is also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain and Portugal, some cities in Mexico, and southern France during the summer.

   The origin of the run can be traced back to the 14th century in northeastern Spain, where bull breeders needed to transport their bulls from the fields outside the city to the bullring, where they would be killed. To speed up the transporting process, workers would hurry the cattle using tactics of fear and excitement. Later this practice turned into a competition, as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls. It seemed that the modern-day celebration has evolved from this as well as individual commercial and bullfighting fiestas.

   The Pamplona bull run is the highest-profile event of the San Fermin festival. The first bull running is on 7th July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 a.m. sharp. It all starts with a rocket fired to confirm that the gate of the bullring has been opened. After runners pray to San Fermin, a second rocket announces that the bulls, typically six, have left. The bulls and the runners then proceed along the route. A third rocket is set off once all the bulls have entered the bullring. When the bulls are in the bullpen, the final rocket ends the run.

   The vast number of participants nowadays adds to the already considerable danger of running alongside wild bulls weighing in the region of 700 kg each. Although plenty security and first-aid personnel are on hand, there is really little they can do to prevent people from injury, or even death, during the running of the bulls.

    For centuries, people gazing at the sky after sunset could see thousands of vibrant, sparkling stars. But 41 ,you’ll be lucky if you can view the Big Dipper. 

    The culprit: electric beams pouring from homes and street lamps, whose brightness 42 the night sky. In the U.S., the so-called light pollution has gotten so bad that, by one estimate, 8 out of 10 children born today will never 43 a sky dark enough for them to see the Milky Way. 

    There is hope, however, in the form of astrotourism, a small but growing industry centered on 44 in the world’s darkest places. These remote sites, many of them in national parks, offer stunning views for little more than the cost of a campsite. And the people who run them often work to reduce light pollution in surrounding communities—asking towns to 45 their street lamp, for example, or urging residents to draw their blinds.

   The French president, Emmanuel Macron, is facing a people’s revolt against plans to give his wife an official “first lady” role.

   More than 150,000 people have signed a 36 against the move that would give Brigitte Macron an office, staff and an allowance from the 37 purse.

   The rebellion comes 38 Macron’s popularity continues to plummet. Polls last month showed he had dropped seven percentage points with only 36% of French people 39 they were happy with their new leader. At the same period in their mandate Macron’s predecessors François Hollande and Nicolas Sarkozy were at 56% at 66% 40 .

   During his presidential campaign, Macron promised to “clarify” the role of the French president’s wife by giving them an official status, describing the current situation as a “kind of French hypocrisy”.

       To cool down urban heat islands, some cities are “lightening” streets.   18   is done by covering black asphalt streets, parking lots, and dark roofs with a more reflective gray coating. These changes can drop urban air temperatures dramatically, especially during the heat of summer. Planting gardens on urban rooftops can also help to cool down the city, too!   19   , a study in Los Angeles, California, calculated that changes like these would be enough to save close to $100 million per year in energy costs!

       Urban building materials are another reason that urban areas trap heat. Many modern building materials are impervious surfaces. This means that water can’t flow through surfaces like a brick or a patch of cement like   20   would through a plant. Without a cycle of flowing and evaporating water, these surfaces have nothing to cool them down.