無年度 - 98年8月托福閱讀試題#20931

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The chemical composition of phlogiston. (B) Attempts to explain what happens when materials burn. (C) Limitations of seventeenth-century scientific theories. (D) The characteristics of the residue left after fires.

2. The word "it" in line 4 refers to (A) burning (B) phlogiston (C) combustible material (D) air

3. The "phlogiston transfer" mentioned in line 5 is a term used to describe the (A) natural limits on the total volume of phlogiston (B) absence of phlogiston in combustible material (C) ability of phlogiston to slow combustion (D) release of phlogiston into the air from burning material

4. The word "properties" in line 10 is closest in meaning to (A) interpretations (B) locations (C) characteristics (D) virtues

5. The phrase "ascribed to" in line 10 is closest in meaning to (A) analyzed and isolated in (B) returned to their original condition in (C) assumed to be true of (D) diagrammed with

6. The author mentions magnesium in line 14 as an example of a substance that (A) seemed to have phlogiston with a negative weight (B) leaves no residue after burning (C) was thought to be made of nearly pure phlogiston (D)was thought to contain no phlogiston

7.The "different materials" mentioned in line 17 were considered different because they (A) required more heat to burn than other substances did (B) burned without leaving much residue (C) were more mysterious than phlogiston (D) contained limited amounts of phlogiston

8. The word "constituent" in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) component (B) opposite (C) principle (D) temperature

9. The word "Since" in line 20 is closest in meaning to (A) later (B) because (C) during (D) although

10. Which of the following is true of both the phlogiston theory of burning and Lavoisier's theory of burning? (A) Both theories propose that total weight always increases during burning. (B) Both theories are considered to be reasonable and straightforward. (C) Both theories have difficulty explaining why residue remains after burning. (D)Both theories recognize that air is important to combustion.

11.What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (B) The effects of t he Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles (C) Advantages of stone and timber over steel as a building material (D) The evolution of the use of iron in architecture during the 1800's

12.The word "revolutionized" in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) quickly started (B) gradually opened (C) dramatically changed (D) carefully examined

13.According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because (A) all available iron was needed for other purposes (B) limited mining capability made iron too expensive (C) iron was considered too valuable for use in public buildings (D) the use of charcoal for refining are produced poor quality iron

14. Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was considered (A) more beautiful (B) new and modern (C) much stronger (D) easier to transport

15. The word "it" in line 11 refers to (A) industrial architecture (B) internal iron skeleton (C) stone (D) strength

16. The word "appeal" in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) adjustment (B) assignment (C) attraction (D) attempt

17. The word "spawned" in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A)Created (B)maintained (C)rejected (D)exposed

18. The word "surpassed" in line 20 is closest in meaning to (A)imitated (B) exceeded (C)approached (D)included

19. According to paragraph 3, the architectural significance of the Halle des Machines was its (A)wide span (B)great height (C)unequaled beauty (D)prefabricated units of glass

20. How did the artistic elite mentioned in the passage react to the buildings at the Paris Exhibition? (A) They tried to copy them. (B) They ridiculed them. (C) They praised them. (D) They refused to pay to see them.

21. It can be inferred that the delayed use of exposed iron structures in traditional styles of architecture is best explained by the (A) impracticality of using iron for small, noncommercial buildings (B) association of iron architecture with the problems of the Industrial Revolution (C) general belief that iron offered less resistance to fire and harsh weather than traditional materials (D) general perception that iron structures were not aesthetically pleasing

22. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses (A) the gradual inclusion of exposed iron in traditional styles of architecture (B) further improvements in iron processing methods (C) the return to traditional building materials for use in commercial structures (D) the decreased use of stone and timber as a building material

23. What is the passage mainly about? (A) Finding meteorites on Earth's surface (B) How the composition of meteorites is similar to that of Earth (C) Why most meteorites do not survive impact with Earth (D) The origins of meteorites

24. The word "core" in line 4 is closest in meaning to (A) center (B) surface (C) mineral (D) field

25.The author mentions "dark stones" and "white snow" in line 9 to illustrate that. (A) meteorites are found most often in Antarctica (B) glaciers stop meteorites from mixing with soil (C) meteorites are easier to find in glacial areas (D) most of Antarctica is covered with meteorites

26. The word "embedded" in line 10 is closest in meaning to (A) isolated (B) encased (C)enhanced (D) enlarged

27.The word "spotting" in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) removing (B) identifying (C)cooling (D) falling

28.The passage suggests that which of the following is most commonly responsible for the poor preservation of meteorites that fall to Earth? (A) The size of the fragments (B) Ice sheets (C) Erosion (D) Desert heat

29.Where was the Mundrabilla meteorite discovered? (A)On the Nullarbor Plain (B)In a field (C)On a mountain (D)In Antarctica

30.The word "they" in line 25 refers to (A)stony meteorites (B) falls (C)Earth materials (D) ancient bodies

31.Why does the author mention carbonaceous chondrites (line 26)? (A) They are the largest meteorites found on Earth (B) They are most likely to be found whole. (C) They come from outside the solar system. (D) They may be related to the origins of life on Earth.

32.According to the passage, stony meteorites are (A) composed of fragmented materials (B) less likely to be discovered than iron meteorites (C) mostly lost in space (D) found only on the Nullarbor Plain

28. The word "dogma" in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) evaluation (B) proof (C) intention (D) belief

34. The word "detect" in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) imitate the behavior of (B) provide a reason for (C) discover the presence of (D) report a need for

35.Which of the following statements best describes the behaviorist position with regard to consciousness in nonhuman animals? (A) Most nonhuman animals show signs of self-consciousness. (B) Most monhuman animals can be taught self-consciousness. (C) Chimpanzees are the only nonhuman animals that have a human level of self-consciousness. (D) Nonhuman animals do not possess self-consciousness

36.The author suggests that researchers before 1960 probably avoided studying nonhuman animal consciousness because they (A) did not wish to experiment with live animal subjects (B) were discouraged by earlier unsuccessful experiments that studied human consciousness (C) had not yet devised adequate research methods for animal consciousness experiments (D) lacked the necessary laboratory equipment

37.The phrase "shied away from" in line 8 is closest in meaning to (A) approached (B) avoided (C) respected (D) allowed

38.What does the author mean when stating in line 14 that "The experiment called for familiarizing the animal with the mirror? (A) The experiment required the use of a chimpanzee that had not participated in previous mirror tests. (B) Gallup had to allow the chimpanzee to become accustomed to the mirror before he began the experiment. (C) Gallup had to teach the chimpanzee to recognize its reflection in the mirror. (D) The chimpanzee had to first watch the experiment being conducted with another chimpanzee.

39.The word "it" in line 16 refers to (A) red spot (B) animal (C) reflection (D) another individual

40. The chimpanzee in Gallup's first experiment responded to the mirror test by touching (A) its own forehead (B) the researcher's forehead (C) the red spot on the mirror (D)the red spot on another chimpanzee

41. The word "milestone" in line 20 is closest in meaning to (A) significant development (B) initial step (C) universal concept (D) obstruction to progress

42. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A)The causes of the extinction of the discuss? (B)The variety of species found in tropical rain forests. (C) The impact of human activities on Earth's ecosystems (D) The time required for species to adapt to new environments

43. The word "critical" in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) negative (B) essential (C)interesting (D) complicated

44. The word "jolting" in line 5 is closest in meaning to (A) predicted (B) shocking (C)unknown (D) illuminating

45. The author mentions the reduction of the variety of species on Earth in lines 11 - 12 to suggest that (A) new habitats can be created for species (B)humans are often made ill by polluted water (C) some species have been made extinct by human activity (D)) an understanding of evolution can prevent certain species from disappearing

46. The author mentions all of the following as examples of the effect of humans oil the world's ecosystems EXCEPT (A) destruction of the tropical rain forests (B) habitat destruction in wetlands (C)damage to marine ecosystems (D)the introduction of new varieties of plant species

47.The author mentions the extinction of the dinosaurs in the second paragraph to emphasize that (A)the cause of the dinosaurs extinction is unknown (B)Earth's climate has changed significantly since the dinosaurs' extinction, (C)not all mass extinctions have been caused by human activity (D) actions by humans could not stop the irreversible process of a species' extinction

48.The word "magnitude" in line 20 is closest in meaning to (A) concern (B) determination (C)carelessness (D) extent

49. According to the passage, natural evolutionary change is different from changes caused by humans in that changes caused by humans (A) are occurring at a much faster rate (B) are less devastating to most species (C)affect fewer ecosystems (D) are reversible

50. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree? (A)human influence on ecosystems should not be a factor in determining public policy. (B)The extinction of a few species is an acceptable consequence of human progress. (C)Technology will provide solutions to problems caused by the destruction of ecosystems. (D) humans should be more conscious of the influence they have on ecosystems

無年度 - 98年8月托福閱讀試題#20931

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