無年度 - ROBBINS英選6#95206

1. A series of eight steps that begins with identifying a problem and concludes with evaluating a decision's effectiveness is known as ________. (A) a decision-tree analysis (B) decision support theory (C) the decision-making process (D) a decision information system

2. Which of the following statements is true concerning problem identification? (A) Generally, what is a problem for one manager is a problem for all other managers. (B) Effectively identifying problems is not easy. (C) A symptom and a problem are one and the same. (D) Problems are generally obvious.

3. To determine the ________, a manager must determine what is relevant or important to resolving a problem. (A) escalation of commitment (B) bounded rationality of a decision (C) weight of the decision criteria (D) decision criteria

4. Max is planning on going away to college next year and is currently trying to figure out which colleges he should apply to. He would like to major in English Literature at an accredited liberal arts college, but is also looking for a university that offers financial aid. In terms of the decisionmaking process, these represent Max's ________. (A) alternatives (B) problems (C) heuristics (D) decision criteria

5. Creativity is most essential in which of the following steps of the decision-making process? (A) developing alternatives (B) allocating weights to the decision criteria (C) identifying decision criteria (D) analyzing alternatives

6. Which of the following is important in effectively implementing the chosen alternative in the decision-making process? (A) evaluating each alternative by using the established criteria (B) being creative while implementing the alternatives (C) ignoring criticism concerning your chosen alternative (D) allowing those impacted by the outcome to participate in the process

7. Managers are assumed to use ________ if they make logical and consistent choices to maximize value. (A) rational decision making (B) bounded rationality (C) intuitive decision making (D) evidence-based management

8. Which of the following is NOT a valid assumption about rationality? (A) The decision maker accepts a solution that is good enough. (B) The decision maker is logical in his approach. (C) The problem is clear and unambiguous. (D) A single, well-defined goal is to be achieved.

9. Managers cannot possibly analyze all information on all alternatives, they tend to ________, rather than ________. (A) satisfice； maximize (B) neutralize； satisfice (C) satisfice； neutralize (D) maximize； satisfice

10. Toby is hunting for a new apartment. He is specifically looking for one that is located in the heart of the city and should be available for $600 per month. However, Toby is also willing to pay up to $850 per month for a place that is situated slighted away from the city center. According to him, the second option "will also do." This is an example of ________. (A) rational decision making (B) bounded rationality (C) non linear thinking (D) intuitive decision making

11. Escalation of commitment refers to ________. (A) greater commitment to a decision because of ones belief that it is "the right thing to do" (B) an increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong (C) the strengthening of commitment to a particular course of action due to greater motivation by others (D) commitment to a faulty decision due to an unwillingness to go against the opinion of the majority

12. All of the following are aspects of intuition EXCEPT ________. (A) programmed decisions (B) cognitive-based decisions (C) affect-initiated decisions (D) experienced-based decisions

13. ________ are straightforward, familiar, and easily defined. (A) Organic problems (B) Nonprogrammed problems (C) Structured problems (D) Analogous problems

14. A(n) ________ decision is a repetitive decision that can be handled by a routine approach. (A) organic (B) nonprogrammed (C) programmed (D) nonlinear

15. "Smoking and the consumption of alcohol are strictly prohibited inside the work premises." This is most likely an example of a(n) ________. (A) objective (B) procedure (C) rule (D) axiom

16. Which of the following is an example of a policy? (A) Smoking and the consumption of alcohol are strictly prohibited inside the work premises. (B) Employees working with power tools must wear safety glasses at all times. (C) We are an equal opportunity employer with a diverse workforce. We do not discriminate against employees and applicants on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, disability, marital status, sexual orientation or veteran status. (D) Before going on a leave of absence, fill up the application form available on the company's online leave management system. All applications will be approved/rejected within two days by the employee's immediate supervisor.

17. Nonprogrammed decisions ________. (A) are associated with clear and specific goals (B) are unique and nonrecurring (C) involve standardized solutions (D) are usually made by lower-level managers

18. Lower-level managers typically confront ________. (A) unstructured problems (B) programmed decisions (C) new and unusual problems (D) nonprogrammed decisions

19. If an individual knows the price of three similar cars at different dealerships, he is operating under which of the following decision-making conditions? (A) risk (B) certainty (C) speculation (D) suppositio

20. Which of the following best describes the psychological orientation of an individual making a "maximax" choice? (A) cynic (B) optimist (C) defeatist (D) pessimist

21. What is the psychological orientation of a decision maker who makes a "maximin" choice? (A) optimist (B) pessimist (C) idealist (D) realist

22. The ________ thinking style is characterized by a person's preference for using external data and facts and processing this information through rational, logical thinking to guide decisions and actions. (A) organic (B) behavioral (C) linear (D) normative

23. Rules of thumb that managers use to simplify decision making are known as ________. (A) folksonomies (B) heuristics (C) sophisms (D) algorithms

24. The ________ describes how decision makers fixate on initial information as a starting point and then, once set, fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. (A) selective perception effect (B) anchoring effect (C) confirmation bias (D) framing bias

25. When decision makers seek out information that reaffirms their past choices and discount information that contradicts past judgments, they are exhibiting the ________. (A) availability bias (B) representation bias (C) confirmation bias (D) framing bias

26. The ________ happens when decisions makers tend to remember events that are the most recent and vivid in their memory. (A) representation bias (B) self-serving bias (C) availability bias (D) randomness bias

27. Sarah's sales figures show that she has been the top performer in her department for the last eight months. Two months prior to her annual performance review, Sarah's sales numbers fell due to her ill health causing her manager to rate her performance as just satisfactory. This is an example of the ________. (A) randomness bias (B) self-serving bias (C) representation bias (D) availability bias

28. Pat is the manager of a large project that has been underway for the last eight months. It has now become apparent that, due to various external factors, the project is unlikely to succeed. Even though the best option would be to withdraw from the project, Pat continues to pump money and resources into it in the hope that the project's prospects will change. He reasons that he doesn't want all those months of hard work to go to waste. This is an example of the ________. (A) availability bias (B) self-serving bias (C) sunk costs error (D) hindsight bias

29. Colleen needs a vehicle, but she has to decide if the vehicle is worth repairing. She is facing a(n) ________ that is a discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs. (A) problem (B) risk (C) uncertainty (D) contingency

30. Before talking to a repair person, Colleen needs to prioritize the repairs. Her first concern is safety of the vehicle. This step in the decision-making process is called ________. (A) evaluating decision effectiveness (B) identifying the decision criteria (C) weighting the decision criteria (D) analyzing alternatives

31. Michelle finds a company directive that specifically restricts her from taking certain actions. This is a(n) ________. (A) policy (B) procedure (C) rule (D) agenda

32. Michelle eventually finds a problem that has no cut-and-dry solution. The problem is unique and is unlikely to occur again. This problem is ________ in nature. (A) nonprogrammed (B) programmed (C) structured (D) scheduled

無年度 - ROBBINS英選6#95206

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