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31. How does the author shift the tones throughout the article? (A) Judgmental → Apprehensive → Impartial → Sympathetic. (B) Judgmental → Sympathetic → Apprehensive → Impartial. (C) Impartial → Judgmental → Apprehensive → Sympathetic. (D) Impartial → Apprehensive → Sympathetic → Judgmental.

32. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “contravening” in the fourth paragraph? (A) To do something that a law or rule does not allow. (B) To think that someone has done something wrong. (C) To prevent something from continuing as expected. (D) To intentionally become involved in a difficult situation.

33. Even if the Japanese government has taken action to stop people from working too long, people insist on doing this. What is the reason for such a phenomenon? (A) The government’s policies fail to work and backfire. (B) The company still does not allow workers to leave early. (C) The idea of working long hours is ingrained in Japanese people. (D) The Japanese really like their jobs and are willing to work overtime.

34. What can be inferred from Junko Arai’s quotation “If something so obvious is the basis for a drama, Japan’s in serious trouble.” in the last paragraph? (A) It is now considered abnormal to work overtime. (B) The problem of working overtime is getting worse. (C) The problem of working overtime has not yet improved. (D) The Japanese do not take working overtime as unusual.

35. Which of the following is the best title for this passage? (A) Are Social Norms the Key to Explaining Human Behavior? (B) When Cultures Are ‘Tightened,’ Authoritarianism Ensues (C) Three Factors to Consider When it Comes to Egypt’s 2014 Election (D) Is Your Culture ‘Tight’ or ‘Loose’?: A Culturalist-Materialist Debate

36. According to Michele Gelfand, which of the following is NOT true? (A) Social norms play a crucial role in explaining a variety of social phenomena. (B) Humans’ sensitivity to rules benefits us because it helps us collaborate better. (C) Sisi won Egypt’s presidential election since the military deposed Mubarak. (D) Tight cultures have strict social rules and little tolerance for people to break them.

37. Why do the author mention the names of other scholars in the last paragraph? (A) To offer a list of further readings associated with materialist views. (B) To inform readers of other better studies on the same subject. (C) To show the author’s discontent about culturalist-materialist divide. (D) To argue in favor of a more balanced approach to social studies.

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