1. The Biden administration has already been stepping up ____ with Saudi Arabia on a variety of issues in recent months.
(A) cooperation
(B) complication
(C) commencement
(D) coagulation

複選題37. The advanced fluorescent microscopy not only leads the development of cell biology, but also facilitates the progress of molecular biology. Which of the following descriptions about microscopy are CORRECT? (A) The resolution of light microscope, about 0.2 micro-meter, is limited by the wavelength of light. (B) Confocal microscopy provides better resolution in fluorescent imaging by removing out-of-focus fluorescent signals. (C) Electron microscopy gives better resolution by providing shorter wavelength of illumination source. (D) Total internal refection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy allows fluorescent sample very close to a coverslip to be seen with great clarity. (E) Super-resolution microscopy allows for detailed fluorescent images at nanometer resolution by using shorter wavelength of light.

複選題38. Plasma membrane defines the cell and separates the inside from the outside. Which of the following descriptions about the characteristics of biomembranes are CORRECT? (A) Biomemrbranes contain three principle classes of lipids: phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids and sterols. (B) Most lipids and many proteins are laterally mobile in biomembranes. (C) The asymmetry of lipid composition across the membrane bilayer is a characteristic of all biomembranes, yet the lipid composition would not influence the physical properties of membranes. (D) The shape of membrane can be changed by transmembrane or peripheral membrane proteins. (E) Lipid droplets are storage vesicles for lipids, originating in the ER.

複選題39. The existence of water channel had been proposed since 1970 but was eventually identified till 1992 by Peter Agre. Which of the following sentences could support the existing of water channel on the membrane of a cell? (A) The transport of water is ATP-independent. (B) Red blood cells, but not the frog eggs, swell with water. (C) Mercurials would inhibit water transport in red blood cells. (D) There is a maximal rate (Vmax) for water transport of red blood cells. (E) Water (H2O) crosses through the red blood cell membrane with almost no resistance, while acid hydronium ion (H3O+) does not permeate.

複選題40. Cells convert external nutrients as sources of energy into biologically universal, intracellular, chemical energy carrier, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Which of the following descriptions about cellular energetics are CORRECT? (A) Glucose oxidation in eukaryotic cells can be divided into four stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain and ATP synthesis, where all take place in mitochondria. (B) The oxidation of short- to long-chain fatty acids occurs in mitochondria with production of ATP, whereas oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids occurs primarily in peroxisomes and is not linked to ATP production. (C) The rate of glucose oxidation via glycolysis is regulated by the inhibition or stimulation of several enzymes, depending on the cell's need for ATP. (D) Neither glycolysis nor the citric acid cycle directly use molecular oxygen. (E) ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis as electron flow through the inner mitochondrial membrane down their electrochemical gradient.

2. The tools that Russian forces are using to wage war are often powered by American ____. (A) interaction (B) insinuation (C) innovation (D) inculcation

3. Sociologists had spent much of the 20th century trying to understand poverty and shifting class stratifications across the ____. (A) spectrum (B) spell (C) senility (D) sophistication

4. Dungeons & Dragons turned out to ____ as a perfect bridge from statistics-oriented, win-or-lose simulations of complex combat to character creation and story-oriented play. (A) spend (B) send (C) sense (D) serve

5. From abroad, the American flag is a straightforward stand-in for the ____-state. (A) group (B) nation (C) people (D) human

6. The President of PEN Germany recently ____ that "the enemy is Putin, not Pushkin," relying on word games to protest against the idea of a "blanket boycott" of Russian culture. (A) defused (B) descended (C) declared (D) demoted

7. With his threats to use the bomb, Russia's president has ____ the nuclear order. (A) overturned (B) overreacted (C) overstepped (D) overwhelmed