10. How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion?
(A) active transport
(B) diffusion
(C) facilitated diffusion
(D) through a channel

11. Muscle cells, when an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen deprived, convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells? (A) It is converted to NAD+ (B) It produces CO2 and water (C) It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate (D) It is converted to alcohol

12. Synaptic signaling between adjacent neurons is like hormone signaling in which of the following ways? (A) It sends its signal molecules through the blood (B) It sends its signal molecules quite a distance (C) It requires calcium ions (D) It requires binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor

13. If a pharmaceutical company wished to design a drug to maintain low blood sugar levels, one approach might be to (A) design a compound that mimics epinephrine and can bind to the epinephrine receptor (B) design a compound that stimulates cAMP production in liver cells (C) design a compound to stimulate G protein activity in liver cells (D) design a compound that increases phosphodiesterase activity

14. Caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of (A) phosphorylated proteins (B) GTP (C) cAMP (D) adenylyl cyclase

15. What is a chromatid? (A) a chromosome in G1 of the cell cycle (B) a replicate chromosome (C) a chromosome found outside the nucleus (D) a special region that holds two centromeres together

16. Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells? (A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 16 (D) 32

17. If there are 20 chromatids in a cell at metaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis? (A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 40

18. Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? (A) Chromosome replication (B) Synapsis of chromosomes (C) Production of daughter cells (D) Alignment of chromosomes at the equator

19. Homologous chromosomes synapse and crossing over occurs (A) The statement is true for mitosis only (B) The statement is true for meiosis I only (C) The statement is true for meiosis II only (D) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis I

20. Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I? (A) Homologous chromosomes are separated (B) The chromosome number per cell is conserved (C) Sister chromatids are separated (D) Four daughter cells are formed

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