10. The phosphodiester bond that joins adjacent nucleotides in DNA:
(A) is positively charged.
(B) associates ionically with metal ions, polyamines, and proteins.
(C) is susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis.
(D) links C-3 of deoxyribose to N-1 of thymine or cytosine.

1. What is accumulated in the blood of untreated diabetes patients with a condition called ketosis? (A) acetoacetate (B) acetyl CoA (C) Succinyl CoA (D) Propionyl-CoA

2. Which apolipoprotein links high serum cholesterol at midlife to Alzheimer's disease in later life? (A) Apo A-I (B) Apo B-100 (C) Apo E4 (D) Apo C-II

3. Which of the following metabolite is the switch between fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis? (A) Acetyl CoA (B) Malonyl CoA (C) Mevalonate (D) Propionyl-CoA

4. Which of the following promotes the biosynthesis of fatty acid? (A) Glucagon (B) Activation of AMPK (C) High levels of citrate (D) Fatty acyl CoA

5. Which is the target for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)? (A) Arachidonic acid (B) PGH synthase (C) hydrolase (D) TxA synthase

6. Which of the following is not involved in the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by the levels of cholesterol inside the cell? (A) The degradation of HMG CoA reductase (B) The synthesis of LDL receptor (C) The synthesis of HMG CoA reductase (D) The transport of LDL receptor to plasma membrane

7. Of the following functions, the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes are most important for (A) facilitated diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradients. (B) active transport of molecules against their concentration gradients. (C) maintaining the integrity of a fluid mosaic membrane. (D) the ability of cells to recognize like and different cells. 

8. In DNA sequencing by the Sanger (dideoxy) method: (A) the template DNA strand is radioactive. (B) radioactive dideoxy ATP is included in each of four reaction mixtures before enzymatic synthesis of complementary strands. (C) specific enzymes are used to cut the newly synthesized DNA into small pieces, which are then separated by electrophoresis. (D) the role of the dideoxy CTP is to occasionally terminate enzymatic synthesis of DNA where Gs occur in the template strands.

9. When the thymine analog, 5-bromouracil, incorporates into DNA normallyoccupied by thymine, what point mutation can occur? (A) T-A to A-T (B) T-A to C-G (C) C-G to T-A (D) both （B）and（C）are correct

11. Which of the following is not true of all naturally occurring DNA? (A) Deoxyribose units are connected by 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds. (B) The amount of A always equals the amount of T. (C) The ratio A+T/G+C is constant for all natural DNAs. (D) The two complementary strands are antiparallel.

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