10. Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?
(A) lysosome
(B) mitochondrion
(C) Golgi apparatus
(D) peroxisome

11. What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? (A) ER → Golgi → nucleus (B) Golgi → ER → lysosome (C) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane (D) ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

12. Which of the following about chloroplasts and mitochondria is NOT TRUE? (A) They have their own DNA (B) They make most of their own proteins (C) They have double membranes (D) They are capable of reproducing themselves

13. The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved (A) endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria (B) anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen-the anacrobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts (C) an endosymbiotic fungal cell evolving into the nucleus (D) acquisition of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi

14. Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures? (A) membrane proteins of the inner nuclear envelope (B) free ribosomes and ribosomes attached to the ER (C) components of the cytoskeleton (D) cellulose fibers in the cell wall

15. Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves (A) growth of actin filaments to form bulges (突出) in the plasma membrane (B) setting up microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the movement of cytoplasm (C) reinforcing the pseudopod with intermediate filaments (D) cytoplasmic streaming

16. Cilia and flagella bend because of (A) conformational changes in ATP that thrust microtubules laterally (B) a motor protein called radial spokes (C) the quick inward movements of water by osmosis. (D) a motor protein called dynein

17. The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures? (A) They must block water and small molecules to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. (B) They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume. (C) They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell. (D) They are composed of a mixture of lipids and nucleotides.

18. The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following? (A) gap junctions (B) the nucleus (C) DNA and RNA (D) integrins

19. Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through (A) plasmodesmata (B) tight junctions (C) gap junctions (D) desmosomes

20. Where would you expect to find tight junctions? (A) in the epithelium of an animal's intestine (B) between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (C) between plant cells in a woody plant (D) in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes

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