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Common etiologies of early pregnancy loss (EPL) include chromosomal abnormalities, maternal anatomic abnormalities, and trauma.

Chromosomal abnormalities — Chromosomal abnormalities are present in up to 70 percent of pregnancy losses before 20 weeks, though the prevalence varies by gestational age→(A)夫妻染色體檢查

Maternal anatomic anomalies — Anatomic anomalies, such as uterine leiomyomas (fibroids), polyps, adhesions, or septa, may be associated with EPL based on their size and position in relation to the developing pregnancy. The most common structural diagnoses that likely contri...

Common etiologies of early pregnancy loss (EPL) include chromosomal abnormalities, maternal anatomic abnormalities, and trauma.

Chromosomal abnormalities — Chromosomal abnormalities are present in up to 70 percent of pregnancy losses before 20 weeks, though the prevalence varies by gestational age→(A)夫妻染色體檢查

Maternal anatomic anomalies — Anatomic anomalies, such as uterine leiomyomas (fibroids), polyps, adhesions, or septa, may be associated with EPL based on their size and position in relation to the developing pregnancy. The most common structural diagnoses that likely contributed to the loss were intrauterine adhesions (Asherman syndrome, 15 percent), fibroids (14 percent), uterine septum (3 percent), and endometrial polyps (2 percent)→(B)子宮輸卵管攝影（或子宮立體超音波檢查）

Maternal medical conditions — Various causes of maternal morbidity, such as endocrinopathies and metabolic disorders including obesity, are also associated with EPL.

Diabetes – The effects of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on early pregnancy can be extreme, even resulting in lethal fetal anomalies or pregnancy loss. Euglycemia in the preconception and periconception time periods brings this risk back to baseline.

Thyroid disease – Both hyper- and hypothyroidism have been associated with increased risk of pregnancy loss, with some studies reporting a doubling of risk of pregnancy loss

→(C)飯前血糖及甲狀腺機能

Infection – Overall, approximately 15 percent of EPL is associated with an infectious etiology . Parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy has a nearly 8 percent cumulative incidence of loss, and the risk of loss is 5.6 times higher with infection in the first trimester as compared with the second trimester . Untreated syphilis leads to a 21 percent increased risk of fetal loss and stillbirth [16]. Maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has a 2.5 increased odds of EPL as compared with noninfection. However, maternal infection with HIV or toxoplasmosis does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of EPL