11.下列何者不是牛產褥性血紅素尿症（postparturient hemoglobinuria）之主要變化？
(A)高血鉀症
(B)血管內溶血
(C)再生性貧血
(D)紅血球脆性增加

低血磷或銅缺乏會造成牛產褥性血紅素尿症

因為覺得溶血沒產生高血鉀有點疑問所以用關鍵字去找了一篇水牛的paper參考，也可能有種別差異(?)或發生高血鉀的病例不多(?)，不知道會不會太硬要，有請各位大大指教

The serum potassium concentration in PHU affected buffaloes was significantly higher than that in healthy buffaloes.

ref: Akhtar, M.Z., Khan, A., Sarwar, M., Javaid, A., 2007. Influence of Soil and Forage Minerals on Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Parturient Haemoglobinuria. J. Anim. Sci. 20, 393-398

Postparturient hemoglobinuria is a sporadic condition seen worldwide that most commonly affects individual high-yielding dairy cows at the onset of lactation. It is characterized by development of peracute intravascular hemolysis and anemia with potentially fatal outcome. Beef and nonlactating cattle are rarely affected. The exact cause is unknown, but phosphorus depletion or hypophosphatemia has been incriminated as a major predisposing factor. Severe intracellular phosphorus depletion of RBCs is known to increase osmotic fragility of the RBCs, possibly predisposing to intravascular hemolysis. Although marked hypophosphatemia is commonly diagnosed in affected animals, most cases of severe hypophosphatemia are not associated with intravascular hemolysis, suggesting that hypophosphatemia is not the sole causative factor responsible for postparturient hemoglobinuria. A similar condition reported in New Zealand was associated with copper deficiency, potentially making RBCs more susceptible to oxidative stress. Other potential causes are hemolytic or oxidative plant toxins (often from Brassica spp, sugar beets, or green forage).

低血鉀症