11. Much of the animal diversity is a result of the evolution of novel ways to
(A) Reproduce
(B) Sense, feed, and move
(C) Arrange cells into tissues
(D) Form an embryo and establish a basic body plan

12. In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed- producing plants? (A) Sporopollenin (a component of spore outer walls) (B) Lignin present in cell walls (C) Pollen (D) Megaphylls

13. Which of the following tools of DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use? (A) DNA polymerase-polymerase chain reaction to amplify specific DNA fragments (B) Agarose gel Electrophoresis-separation of DNA fragments by size (C) Restriction enzyme-cutting DNA to create DNA segments with specific ends (D) RNA polymerase-use mRNA to synthesize DNA

14. Which of the following statement is the most likely explanation to support these observations? "The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time." (A) Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales (B) Whales are not properly classified as mammals (C) Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats (D) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy

15. Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as aldosterone, can diffuse across the cell membranes but affect only target cells because? (A) Only target cells have responsive DNA segments (B) Only target cells have enzymes that convert aldosterone to active form (C) Aldosterone-responsive genes are only present in the target cells (D) Intracellular receptors are present only in target cells

16. A genetic mutation causes frame shift because? (A) a change of a nucleotide in a gene does not affect the amino acid sequence of a protein (B) a mutation changes a codon into a stop codon leading to protein truncation (C) a mutation results in a change in an amino acid of a protein (D) a mutation causes a loss or addition of nucleotides in a gene

17. Which of the following about anaerobic and aerobic respirations is NOT TRUE? (A) Both use glycolysis as first stage of glucose oxidation (B) Both use as electron carrier (C) Aerobic respiration produces ATP only by oxidative phosphorylation, whereas anaerobic respiration produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation (D) Aerobic respiration produces about 30-32 ATP, whereas anaerobic respiration produces 2 ATP

18. Which of the following about enzyme is NOT TRUE? (A) All enzymes are proteins (B) The active site is the region where the substrate binds (C) The allosteric site is the region that either activates or inhibits enzyme activity (D) Optimal conditions usually favor the most stable and active conformation for the enzyme for its catalytic activity

19. Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides (A) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group (B) a nitrogenous base and a ribose (C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a ribose (D) a ribose and a purine or pyrimidine

20. What is the tertiary structure of a protein (A) order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain (B) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide (C) organization of a polypeptide chain into an o-helix or B-pleated sheet (D) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits

21. What is the advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy (A) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy (B) light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy (C) light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells (D) light microscopy provides higher contrast than electron microscopy

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