11. Which one is   not   a second messenger derived from membrane lipid?
(A) Diacylglycerol (DAG).
(B) Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3).
(C) Arachidonic acid.
(D) Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA).
(E) Cardiolipin.

7. Which of the below is   not   required for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA? (A) NAD+. (B) ATP. (C) Lipoic acid. (D) FAD. (E) CoA-SH.

8. Photosynthetic phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation appear to be generally similar processes, both consisting of ATP synthesis coupled to the transfer of electrons along an electron carrier chain. Which of the following is   not   true of both processes? (A) Both contain cytochromes and flavins in their electron carrier chains. (B) Both processes are associated with membranous elements of the cell. (C) Both use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. (D) Each represents the major route of ATP synthesis in those cells in which it is found. (E) Protons are pumped from the inside to the outside of both mitochondria and chloroplast membranes.

9. A new compound isolated from mitochondria is claimed to represent a previously unrecognized carrier in the electron transfer chain. It is given the name coenzyme Z. Which line of evidence do you feel is the   least   conclusive in assigning this compound a position in the electron transfer chain? (A) Alternate oxidation and reduction of the mitochondrion-bound coenzyme Z can be readily demonstrated. (B) Removal of coenzyme Z from the mitochondria results in a decreased rate of oxygen consumption. (C) The rate of oxidation and reduction of mitochondrion-bound coenzyme is of the same order of magnitude as the overall rate of electron transfer in mitochondria as measured by oxygen consumption. (D) The reduction potential of Z is between that of two compounds known to participate in the electron transport chain. (E) When added to a mitochondrial suspension, coenzyme Z is taken up very rapidly and specifically by the mitochondria.

10. Which one is   not   a component of plasma membrane? (A) Phospholipids. (B) Glycolipids. (C) Cholesterol. (D) Triacylglycerol. (E) Phosphatidylcholine.

12. Which one is   not   required for fatty acid synthesis? (A) NADPH. (B) NADH. (C) Acetyl Co-A. (D) Malonyl-CoA. (E) Fatty acid synthase.

13. Which one does  not  utilize cytoplasmic fatty acid as a primary precursor? (A) Cholesterol. (B) Triacylglycerides. (C) Phosphoglycerides. (D) Sphingolipid. (E) Prostaglandin.

14. Which one does   not   contribute to cytoplasmic fatty acid pool? (A) Palmitic acid. (B) LDL receptor. (C) FA transport proteins or FA translocase. (D) FA binding proteins (FABPs). (E) Arachidonic acid.

15. Which one is  not  correct regarding β-oxidation? (A) Activation of fatty acid by coupling to CoA, followed by transfer of the acyl group to carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1. (B) Acylcarnitine is shuttled to the mitochondrial matrix by the carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase. (C) The acyl chain is transferred back to CoA by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2. (D) Very long fatty acids require initial shortening in the cytoplasm. (E) 16-carbon fatty acid palmitate yields approximately 130 molecules of ATP.

16. The immediate reducing power of ribonucleotide reductase is provided by: (A) Thioredoxin. (B) Ferredoxin. (C) NADH. (D) Fe-S complex. (E) Cyt P-450.

17. Which of the following hormones affects the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and ultimately results in an inhibition of nutrient intake? (A) Adiponectin. (B) Leptin. (C) Ghrelin. (D) Gucagon. (E) None of the above.