The studies on speaking-task difficulty have yielded some useful advice for the planning of speaking tasks, and possibly someguidelines for manipulating task difficulty. Researchers found that the number of objects or individuals to be discussed affected taskdifficulty. It was easier to understand a story about an accident that involved two or three cars than one involving four or five. However,what was also significant was the distinguish-ability of the objects or individuals. If a story was about a boy and a girl, it was easierto tell than one about two girls, which again was easier than a story about three girls. The number and complexity of events also affecteddifficulty, and in description tasks simplicity and symmetry of spatial structures was important. In sum, the more elements, factors orevents there are in the task material, the more complex the language that the speakers need to use, and therefore the more challengingthe task. Thus, if there are several picture-based narrative tasks that are intended to be parallel, the test developers should check thateach picture sequence involves a similar number of characters and events to make the tasks more comparable. 【題組】25 The passage is taken out from a paper on _____.
(A) the difficulty of speaking English (B) the use of foreign language (C)the tests of speaking ability (D) the structures of stories
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