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    In the traditional American society of the past, male and female roles were easily defined by the division of labor. Men worked outside the home and earned income to support their families. Women cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children. 17 By the middle of the 20th century, however, men’s and women’s roles were becoming less firmly fixed. 

    In the 1950s, economic and social success was the goal of the typical American, but in the 1960s a new force, called the counterculture, developed. 18 The counterculture presented men and women with new role choices. Men became more interested in child care. They began to share child-rearing tasks with their wives. In fact, some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and child-care responsibilities were shared equally by both sexes. In addition, many Americans did not value the traditional male role of soldier. Some young men refused to be drafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Vietnam. 

    In terms of numbers, the counterculture was a small group of people. But its influence spread to many parts of American society. 19 Industrial workers and business executives alike cut down on overtime work so that they could spend more leisure time with their families. Some doctors, lawyers, and teachers turned away from high-paying situations to practice their professions in poorer neighborhoods. Some young people joined the Peace Corps to share their skills with people in non-industrialized countries around the world. 

     In the 1970s, the feminist movement, or women’s liberation, produced additional economic and social changes. 20 Most of them still took traditional women’s jobs such as teaching, nursing, and secretarial work. Some women, however, began to enter traditional male occupations: police work, banking, dentistry, and construction work. Women were asking for equal pay for equal work and equal opportunities for promotion. Women’s groups were organizing more day-care centers for the children of working mothers.