II. Cloze (30 points)
Part 1:
Humor is a_16_process while laughter is a behavioral response. This behavior
creates predictable physiological changes within the body. As with other exercise, we see two stages of the body’s response, the arousal phase when the phvsioloaical 17 such as heart rate increase, and the resolution phase when they return to resting rate or lower. With vigorous sustained laughter, the heart rate is 18 sometimes reaching rates of above 120bpm (beats per minute); the normal respiratory pattern becomes chaotic; respiratory rate and depth are increased while residual volume is decrease (D) Coughing and hiccups are often 19 due to phrenic nerve irritation or the dislodging of mucus plugs. Oxygen saturation of peripheral blood does not significantly change during the increased ventilation occurring with laughter. Conditions such as asthma or bronchitis may be irritated by vigorous laughter. Peripheral vascular flow is increased due to vasodilatation. A variety of muscle groups become active during laughter-diaphragm, abdominal, intercostal, respiratory accessory, facial, and occasionally muscles in the arms, legs, and back.
Some of the most exciting research exploring the potential 20 values of laughter is in the area of psychoneuroimmunology, the area of research which explores the connections among the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system. Loma Linda University Medical Center has recently completed research showing that the neuroendocrine system is affected during the experience of mirthful laughter. This work by Lee Berk and Stanley Tan has shown that serum cortisol levels decreased with laughter. Also, the experimental group 21 a lower baseline epinephrine level than the control group (possibly due to their relaxed status in anticipation of the laughter experience). Levels of cortisol and epinephrine (known to be immunosuppressive) are elevated during the stress response. Therefore, Berk and Tan conclude that by decreasing these levels we can diminish the suppression of the respective immune components. Other research has found that 22 laughter increases the spontaneous lymphoycyte blastogenesis and the natural killer cell activity. Natural killer cells are a type of lymphocyte that have a spontaneous cytolytic activity against tumor cells. 【題組】17. (A) parts (B) sections (C) parameters (D) features
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