12. All of the following are considered "'weak" interactions in proteins, except :
(A) hydrogen bonds
(B) hydrophobic interactions
(C) ionic bonds
(D) peptide bonds
(E) van der Waals forces

1.Which of the following is not reducing sugar? (A) Fructose (B) Glucose (C) Glyceraldehyde (D) Ribose (E) Trehalose

2. The reference compound for naming D and L isomers of sugars is: (A) fructose. (B)glucose. (C)sucrose. (D) ribose. (E) glyceraldehyde.

3. The alkaline hydrolysis of RNA does not produce: (A) 2' -CMP. (B) 2' ,3'-cGMP. (C) 2' - AMP. (D) 3' ,5' -cAMP. (E) 3' -UMP.

4. Chargaff's rules state that in typical DNA: (A) A =G. (B) A = C. (C) A = U. (D)T+C=G+A. (E) T +G=C+A.

5. The conversion of 1 mol of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 2 mol of pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway results in a net formation of: (A)1 mol of NAD+ and 2 mol of ATP. (B) 1 mol of NADH and 1 mol of ATP. (C) 2 mol of NADH and 4 mol of ATP. (D) 2 mol of NADH and 2 mol of ATP. (E) 2 mol of NAD+ and 4 mol of ATP.

6.fthe following substrates cannot contribute to net gluconeogenesis in man (A) Lysine (B) glutamate (C) alanine (D) pyruvate (E) a-ketoglutarate

7. Of the 20 standard amino acids, only____is not optically active. The reason is that its side chain______. (A)alanine； is a simple methyl group (B) glycine； is a hydrogen atom (C)glycine； is unbranched (D) lysine； contains only nitrogen (E) proline； forms a covalent bond with the amino group

8. Two amino acids of the standard 20 contain sulfur atoms. they are (A) cysteine and serine (B) cysteine and threonine (C) methionine and cysteine (D) methionine and serine (E) threonine and serine

9. Which of the following statements about aromatic amino acids is correct? (A) All are strongly hydrophilic. (B)Histidine's ring structure results in its being categorized as aromatic or basic, depe (C) On a molar basis, tryptophan absorbs more ultraviolet light than tyrosine. (D)The major contribution to the characteristic absorption of light at 280 nm by prot phenylalanine R group. (E) The presence of a ring structure in its R group determines whether or not an amino acid is aromatic.

10. The formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids is an example of a(n) ________reaction. (A)cleavage (B)condensation (C)group transfer (D) isomerization (E) oxidation reduction

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