12. Which of the following hormones initiates biological actions by crossing the plasma membrane and then binding to a receptor?
(A) Insulin
(B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(C) Estradiol
(D) Glucagon

13. Diacylglycerol activates which of the following enzymes? (A) Protein kinase A (B) Protein kinase C (C) Phosphorylase b kinase (D) Tyrosine kinase

14. Which of the following types of bonds or interactions are LEAST likely to be involved in stabilizing the three-dimensional folding of most proteins? (A) Disulfide bonds (B) Phosphodiester bonds (C) Hydrogen bonds (D) Hydrophobic interactions

複選題15. Proteins are effective buffers over a wide range of pHs because they usually contain: (A) a large number of amino acids. (B) amino acid residues with different pKa values. (C) amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal residues that can donate or accept protons. (D) a large number of hydrogen bonds in a-helices.

16. All of the following are true about heterotrimeric G proteins except: (A) They bind either GDT or GTP. (B) They phosphorylate proteins. (C) They have GTPase activity. (D) They help amplify a hormone's signal.

17. As you want to discover the biological importance and regulations of H2A, one of human histone protein, you might study the post-translational modification (PTM) of this protein. What techniques can be used for detection and identification of the PTM in H2A protein? (A) mass spectrometry-proteomics (B) western blot (C) radioactive isotope labeling (D) all of these techniques can be used for PTM analysis

18. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis can provide information on: (A) gene transcription (B) enzyme cascades (C) protein-protein interaction (D) gated ion channels

19. Which of the following statements about allosteric effectors is correct? (A) typically bind to the enzyme's active site (B) typically bind at a site unique from the active site (C) bind to the substrate rather than the enzyme (D) only bind to the enzyme-substrate complex

20. What happens when a protein is denatured? (A) its primary structure is disrupted but its tertiary structure remains intact (B) its secondary structure is disrupted but its primary structure remains intact (C) it becomes a-helix and β-sheet (D) it becomes all a-helix

21. The biological function of adhesion receptor is major in: (A) cell cycle regulation (B) protein translation (C) cellular mobility (D) open the ion channel

22. A student prepared two trypsin solutions in plastic micro-centrifuge tubes (0.6 mL Eppendorf tube): 1 µg/µL and 1 ng/µL, respectively. He kept the solutions on ice and took small aliquots for activity assay at various time points. He found that the activities of both solutions dropped significantly over time. What reasons may cause the decay of enzyme activity? (A) 1 µg/µL: autolysis, 1 ng/µL: adsorption (B) 1 µg/µL: adsorption, 1 ng/µL: autolysis (C) 1 µg/µL: cleaved by other contaminated proteases, 1 ng/µL: autolysis (D) 1 µg/µL: autolysis, 1 ng/µL: cleaved by other contaminated proteases

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