12. Which type of RNA shown below serves as a template for protein translation? (2.5 points)

(A)Circular RNA (circRNA)

(B)MicroRNA (miRNA)

(C)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

(D)Transfer RNA (tRNA)

13. The disulfide bond is a critical force in establishing the secondary structure of a protein. Which protein shown below contains disulfide bonds? (2.5 points)(A)Cytosolic proteins(B)Integral membrane proteins(C)Mitochondrial matrix proteins(D)Nuclear proteins

14. All of the cell-death forms shown below are characterized as programmed cell death, EXCEPT: (2.5 points)(A)Apoptosis(B)Ferroptosis(C)Necrosis(D)Pyroptosis

15. Most proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen have a tetrapeptide (KDEL) at their C-terminus. Where would ER-resident proteins lacking the C-terminal KDEL be destined for? (2.5 points)(A)The cytosol(B)The Golgi apparatus(C)The plasma membrane(D)The extracellular space

16. MicroRNA's role in gene regulation has been acknowledged by the award of Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine 2024. Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used by microRNA to regulate gene expression? (2.5 points)(A)Blocking protein translation(B)Cleaving the mRNA(C)Inhibiting transcription initiation(D)Reducing mRNA stability

17. Human cells begin cell proliferation by entering the cell cycle. Which phase of the cell cycle will be stopped if the cells are treated with a drug that decreases the levels of cyclin B1? (2.5 points)(A)G0(B)G1(C)S(D)G2/M

18. All of the following statements about the Lac operon are true, EXCEPT: (2.5 points)(A)The Lac repressor binds to the Lac operon when lactose is absent in the cell.(B)The Lac operon only produces mRNA when both lactose and glucose are present.(C)The CAP activator can only bind DNA when it is bound to cAMP.(D)Even when the CAP activator is bound to DNA, if lactose is not present, the Lac operon will not be transcribed.

19. Under anaerobic conditions, yeast produce ethanol by fermentation of pyruvate at the end of glycolysis. Why? (2.5 points)(A)Pyruvate to ethanol fermentation reduces toxic CO2 levels.(B)Glycolysis substrate-level phosphorylation changes pyruvate to ethanol.(C)Ethanol produced from pyruvate regenerates NAD+, which is necessary for starting new rounds of glycolysis.(D)To add electrons (and protons) to ethanol for making lactate.

20. __________, a form of cell death caused by cell detachment from the extracellular matrix, is critical for preventing adherent-independent cell growth. (2.5 points)(A)Anoikis(B)Autophagic cell death(C)Necroptosis(D)Paraptosis

21. If you want to detect "protein expression", which methods can be used? (2.5 points)(A)Eastern blot(B)Western blot(C)Southern blot(D)Northern blot

22. Which one is incorrect? (2.5 points)(A)Vitamins are often precursors to coenzymes.(B)Vitamins are small biomolecules that are needed in small amounts in the diets of higher animals.(C)The water-soluble vitamins are vitamin C (ascorbate, an antioxidant) and the vitamin B complex (components of coenzymes).(D)Ascorbate is required for the hydroxylation of proline residues in collagen, a key protein of connective tissue.(E)The water-soluble vitamins are vitamin A (a precursor of retinal), D (a regulator of calcium and phosphorus metabolism), E (an antioxidant in membranes), and K (a participant in the carboxylation of glutamate).

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