12.Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a fundamental technique. Which components are NOT essential for a standard PCR reaction?
(A) DNA template
(B) Primers (Oligonucleotides)
(C) Thermostable DNA polymerase
(D) dNTPs (deoxynucleotide triphosphates)
(E) RNA polymerase

1. Which of the following enzymes is/are required for DNA replication in E. coli? (A) DNA polymerase I (B) DNA ligase (C) RNA polymerase II (D) Helicase (E) Primase

2.Regarding the structure of DNA and RNA, which of the following statements is/are CORREСТ? (A)DNA contains a 2'-hydroxyl group on the pentose sugar. (B) Uracil is found in RNA but usually not in DNA. (C) The two strands of B-form DNA run in an antiparallel direction. (D)A-DNA is the most common form under physiological conditions. (E)Phosphodiester bonds link the nucleotides in both DNA and RNA.

3.Which of the following is/are involved in the processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA? (A)5' capping (7-methylguanosine) (B)Polyadenylation at the 3' end (C) Removal of exons by the spliceosome (D) Removal of introns by the spliceosome (E) Binding of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence

4.Regarding protein synthesis (translation), which of the following statements is/are CORRECT? (A)In bacteria, the 16S rRNA allows the ribosome to bind to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. (B)The start codon is typically AUG, which codes for Methionine. (C)Eukaryotic translation usually involves the ribosome scanning from the 5' cap. (D) The "Wobble" hypothesis explains why there are fewer tRNAs than codons. (E) Peptide bonds are formed by the peptidyl transferase activity of the rRNA (ribozyme).

5.Which of the following techniques can be used to detect specific proteins in a sample? (A) Southern blot (B) Northern blot (C) Western blot (D) ELISA (E) RT-PCR

6.Regarding CRISPR-Cas9, which of the following statements is/are CORRECT? (A) It was originally discovered as an adaptive immune system in bacteria. (B)Cas9 is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease. (C) It requires a guide RNA (gRNA) to target specific DNA sequences. (D) It introduces double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA. (E) It requires a PAM (Protospacer Adjacent Motif) sequence for cleavage.

7. Telomeres are important structures at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. Which statement(s) is/are NOT ture? (A) They protect chromosome ends from degradation and fusion. (B) They consist of repetitive DNA sequences. (C) Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that carries its own RNA template. (D) Telomerase activity is typically high in somatic cells but low in cancer cells. (E) They solve the "end-replication problem" of the lagging strand.

8. Which are the characteristics of genetic analysis? (A) Some of alleles can exhibit both recessive and dominant properties. (B) Dominant alleles are often the consequence of a mutation that causes some kind of gain of function. (C)Dominant mutations in certain genes are associated with a loss of function. (D)Dominant negative produces a phenotype similar to that obtained from a loss-of function mutation. (E)Recessive and dominant mutant alleles generally have opposite effects on gene function.

9.Which of the following statements about the cell cycle is/are TRUE? (A) DNA replication occurs during the G1 phase. (B) Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) regulate cell cycle progression. (C)The p53 protein acts as a tumor suppressor and can induce cell cycle arrest. (D)Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter cells. (E) The G0 phase is a resting state where cells are not actively dividing.

10.Which of the following organelles contain(s) its own DNA? (A) Ribosome (B) Mitochondria (C) Golgi apparatus (D) Chloroplast (E) Nucleus

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