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資料來源:http://everything2.com/title/Overextension+and+underextension


Underextension

Underextension is when a person uses a word in a very restricted fashion, most commonly seen used bychildren that are just gaining mastery over language. To give an example of underextension, a young boythat sees a dog in the park will not say it is a dog, for only THEIR dog is a dog. In their mind, they think that a word is referring to a very specific instance of a certain concept other than all types and examples of the concept. (Studies done by: Caplan & Barr, 1989) You may point at the st...

資料來源:http://everything2.com/title/Overextension+and+underextension


Underextension

Underextension is when a person uses a word in a very restricted fashion, most commonly seen used bychildren that are just gaining mastery over language. To give an example of underextension, a young boythat sees a dog in the park will not say it is a dog, for only THEIR dog is a dog. In their mind, they think that a word is referring to a very specific instance of a certain concept other than all types and examples of the concept. (Studies done by: Caplan & Barr, 1989) You may point at the strange dog in the park, but the child would shake their head and tell you no. Upon getting home, they will point at Howard lying in the corner and say “Dog!” Bear with them, they are learning.

Overextension

Overextension is the direct opposite of underextension, in which they use a word in too broad a manner, often speaking in overgeneralizations. To continue in the example above, but in the form of overextension, the young boy is once again in the park, but this time, he sees a police officer riding on a horse, points, at the horse and says “Dog!” It is obviously not a dog, but to the young boy, anything with four legs and not a person is a “dog”. While this is of course flawed speech, it is a sign that the child is advancing in their thought processes. The child is now starting to develop mental categories and concepts (Studies done by: Behrend, 1988), and will soon be able to distinguish horse from dog.

Overextension

 when a child uses a word in a context or manner that is inconsistent with, but in some way related to adult meaning of the word

-term is extended to concepts beyond the adult concept

-daddy for adult men

-cat for all four-legged animals

-bye-bye to greet visitor

Underextension

 when a child uses a word for only a limited subset of the contexts used by the adult

-cat for the home pet only

-truck for the toy truck only

Overextension

 when a child uses a word in a context or manner that is inconsistent with, but in some way related to adult meaning of the word

-term is extended to concepts beyond the adult concept

-daddy for adult men

-cat for all four-legged animals

-bye-bye to greet visitor

Underextension

 when a child uses a word for only a limited subset of the contexts used by the adult

-cat for the home pet only

-truck for the toy truck only