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John B. Carroll, an influential psychologist in the field of educational linguistics, developed a theory about a cluster of four abilities that factored into language learning aptitude, separate from verbal intelligence and motivation. Using these four distinct abilities (phonetic coding ability, grammatical sensitivity, rote learning ability, and inductive learning ability), Carroll developed the MLAT, a language aptitude assessment for adults.

The four ability components are defined as follows:

John B. Carroll(wiki)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language-learning_aptitude

John B. Carroll, an influential psychologist in the field of educational linguistics, developed a theory about a cluster of four abilities that factored into language learning aptitude, separate from verbal intelligence and motivation. Using these four distinct abilities (phonetic coding ability, grammatical sensitivity, rote learning ability, and inductive learning ability), Carroll developed the MLAT, a language aptitude assessment for adults.

The four ability components are defined as follows:

Language Aptitude Test 語言能力傾向測試

Language Aptitude Tests usually consist of several different tests which measure such abilities as(語言能力傾向測試通常由若干不同的測試組成，衡量如以下幾方面的能力:)

           (語音編碼能力: 辨別並記住外語或第二語言中新語言的能力)

       2.  grammatical coding ability- the ability to identify the grammatical functions of different parts of sentences

           (語法編碼能力: 辨別句中不同部分語法功能的能力)

       3.  inductive learning ...

Language Aptitude Test 語言能力傾向測試

Language Aptitude Tests usually consist of several different tests which measure such abilities as(語言能力傾向測試通常由若干不同的測試組成，衡量如以下幾方面的能力:)

1.  sound coding ability- the ability to identify and remember new sounds in foreign or second language.

           (語音編碼能力: 辨別並記住外語或第二語言中新語言的能力)

       2.  grammatical coding ability- the ability to identify the grammatical functions of different parts of sentences

           (語法編碼能力: 辨別句中不同部分語法功能的能力)

       3.  inductive learning ability- the ability to work out meanings without explanation in a new language

           (歸納學習能力: 無需用新的語言加以解釋來理解意義的能力)

      4.   memorization- the ability to remember words, rules, etc. in a new language 

            (記憶能力: 記住新語言中的單詞、規則等的能力)

Two well-known language aptitude tests are THE MODERN LANGUAGE APTITUDE TEST (MLAT) and the PIMSLEUR LANGUAGE APTITUDE BATTERY.

兩類著名的語言能力傾向測試為上述兩項，由 Carroll and Sapon　和Pimsleur分別在1958和1966年提出

參考資料: Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics