13. Which one is involved in the innate immune response?
(A) CD8+ cytotoxic T cell
(B) CD4+ helper T cell
(C) B220+ B cell
(D) Natural killer cell
(E) Regulatory T cell

14. Which of the following triggers apoptosis? (A) Fas ligand (B) NGF (C) TNFα (D) Insulin (E) A and C

15. Which of the following leads to a point mutation? (A) DNA single-strand break (B) benzo(a)pyrene conversion of guanine to a thymine base (C) DNA double-strand break (D) A, B, and C are correct (E) A and C are correct

16. Which of the following manipulations or procedures used in current recombinant DNA technology commonly relies on an enzyme? (A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (B) 2, 3, 4 and 5 (C) 1, 3, 4 and 6 (D) 2, 3, 4 and 6 (E) All

17. How are antibody-producing hybridoma cell lines immortalized to provide an unlimited source of monoclonal antibodies? (A) By overproduction of introduced oncogenes (B) By cell fusion (C) By ectopic expression of telomerase (D) By irradiation (E) By transformation with a retrovirus

18. The genetic code is said to be degenerate, which means that: (A) Each codon codes for more than one amino acid. (B) An anticodon can interact with more than one codon in the mRNA in which the codon may differ in any or all of the three nucleotides. (C) Most amino acids are coded for by more than one codon. (D) The code is universally used by virtually all species. (E) None are true.

19. The vast diversity of immunoglobulin sequences is explained by: (A) DNA rearrangement. (B) large sections of DNA devoted to immunoglobulin formation. (C) susceptibility of the immunoglobulin genes to mutation. (D) sensitivity of formed immunoglobulin proteins to environmental factors. (E) All of the above.

20. Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) are: (A) substrates for DNA ligases. (B) supercoil stabilizing bodies. (C) single-stranded bodies called Okazaki fragments. (D) single-stranded DNA binding proteins that prevent re-annealing. (E) nucleases that hydrolyze single-stranded RNA primers.

21. Which is correct about epigenetic regulation? (A) DNA methylation is a forever marker on genomes for gene repression. (B) The histone acetylation would compact the nucleosome structure for gene repression. (C) The N-terminus of histones contains many amino acids with positive charges such as asparagine and glutamine. (D) The gene expression can be switched on and off by the histone acetyltransferase and the histone deacetylase, respectively. (E) All amino acids of histones with methylation result in gene silencing.

22. Which is incorrect about pre-mRNA splicing? (A) Pre-mRNAs contain introns and exons, and most of introns are longer than exons. (B) Pre-mRNA splicing is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a large RNA-protein complex. (C) Many non-coding RNAs are involved in pre-mRNA splicing. (D) Pre-mRNAs are bound by spliceosome and transferred to cytosol for splicing. (E) The various spliceosomal complexes during splicing cycle are demonstrated by cryoEM.

23. Which structure is correct for the nucleobase of the 5'-cap of eukaryotic mRNA? (Image of five different chemical structures)(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)

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