14、下列有關dementia的描述,何者有誤?
(A)dementia 是指認知能力退化至功能出現障礙
(B)在明顯的障礙出現之前,即可發現mildcognitivimparent之早期衰退徵兆
(C)許多 progressive dementia的患者最後甚至會有alexithymia的問題
(D)處理抽象思考的能力退化,而且時常與moddiss發生共病

1.Without_________ , young children tend to overestimate their abilities when they are asked to recall a long list of random objects. (A) concrete operational thinking (B) metamemory (C) theory of mind (D) analogical thinking

2.Without_________ , young children tend to predict that when his/her friend comes into the room and sees a pencil case, which is now filled with candy, may believe that the case stil contains pencils. (A) abstract operational thinking (B) false belief (C) theory of mind (D) hypothetical thinking

3.Compared to preschoolers, school-age children are much better at shifting their focus and updating their strategies when playing board games such as "SET", which rewards quick yet flexible responses towards the multi-dimensions of the pictures on the game cards. These cognitive abilities are considered as parts of _________by modern psychologists. (A) hypothetical thinking (B) post-conventional thinking (C) self- efficacy (D) executive functioning

複選題4.Self-conscious emotions (A) involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self(B) appear in the middle of the first year (C) are universal in humans and other primates (D) predict academic achievement during adolescence.

5.Bobby realistically evaluates his characteristics and competencies, and also has an attitude of self- acceptance and self-respect. Bobby has (A) high self-esteem (B) realistic world view (C) average self- esteem (D) healthy id.

6.Ray persists at challenging tasks, and displays initiative in the face of challenges. Ray is demonstrating (A) achievement motivation (B) inner struggle (C) self-promotion (D) identity achievement.

複選題1. Functional studies of people with major depression show: (A) diminished volume in the prefrontal cortex (B) decreased activity in the amygdala (C) elevated activity in the amygdala (D) diminished volume of the hippocampus

2、下列有關Stressful life events與 dpression的關聯,何者敘述正確? (A) Stressful life events play little role in the onset of depressive episodes (B) Stressful life events are only related to the first episode of depression (C) Stressful life cvents mediate the relationship between genetics and environment (D) Stressful life events are important in triggering episodes of depression

3.Somatic symptom-related disorders and dissociative disorders are similar in that both: (A) are delusional in quality (B) typically begin after a stressful experience (C) have symptoms suggesting a physical dysfunction (D) involve aggressive outbursts

4.In one study of connectivity in schizophrenia, researchers found that greater connectivity between_________ and other brain areas predicted reduction in symptoms early in the course of a hospital stay. (A) striatum (B) ventral tegmental arca (C)hippocampus (D) cingulate gyrus

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