14. The final reduced species in the electron transport chain is
(A) H2O.
(B) cytochrome c.
(C) ubiquinone.
(D) NADH.
(E) O2.

1. When two carbohydrates are epimers: (A) one is a pyranose, the other a furanose. (B) one is an aldose, the other a ketose. (C) one is α conformation, the other in β conformation. (D) they differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom. (E) they rotate plane-polarized light in the same direction.

2. Isomers of sugar in which the position of ketone and aldehyde groups have been changed are called: (A) anomers. (B) diastereoisomers. (C) enantiomers. (D) epimers. (E) None of the above.

3. Chitin and agarose are (A) polysaccharides. (B) polypeptides. (C) polynucleotides. (D) lipids. (E) enzymes.

複選題4. Which of the following is true about glycoprotein? (A) They can act in cell-cell recognition. (B) They can be found on the outer face of the cell membrane only. (C) O-liked oligosaccharides is attached to the amide nitrogen of an Asn residue. (D) A、B、C (E) A、B

5. Glycolysis is enhanced by (A) glucose-1-phosphate, (B) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, (C) fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, (D) glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, (E) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.

6. When a muscle is stimulated to contract aerobically, less lactic acid is formed than when it contracts anaerobically because: (A) glycolysis does not occur to significant extent under aerobic conditions. (B) muscle is metabolically less active under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. (C) the lactic acid generated is rapidly incorporated into lipids under aerobic conditions. (D) under aerobic conditions in muscle, the major energy-yielding pathway is the pentose phosphate pathway, which does not produce lactate. (E) under aerobic conditions, most of the pyruvate generated as a result of glycolysis is oxidized by the citric acid cycle rather than reduced to lactate.

7. In glycolysis, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in vigorously contracting muscle must be reoxidized to NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. The most important reaction involved in the reoxidation of NADH is: (A) dihydroxyacetone phosphate=＞ glycerol 3-phosphate. (B) pyruvate=＞lactate. (C) glucose 6-phosphate=＞ fructose 6-phosphate. (D) isocitrate=＞α-ketoglutarate. (E) oxaloacetate=＞malate.

8. The function of glycogen phosphorylase is (A) the conversion of glucose - I - phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate. (B) to break down ATP. (C) to catalyze the phosphorolysis of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen molecules. (D) to inhibit the production of glucose-1-phosphate. (E) to stimulate the build up of glycogen.

9. Muscle glycogen cannot contribute directly to blood glucose levels because (A) muscle glycogen cannot be converted to glucose 6-phosphate. (B) muscle lacks phosphoglucoisomerase. (C) muscle contains no glucokinase. (D) muscle contains no glycogen phosphorylase. (E) muscle lacks glucose 6-phosphatase.

10. Which one of the following statements is not true: (A) Low blood glucose will promote dephosphorylation of pyruvate kinase. (B) ATP is an allosteric factor for controlling glycogen phosphorylase b. (C) The first step in glycogen breakdown does not require ATP. (D) Phosphorylated glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase can both be dephosphorylated by the same phosphatase. (E) Complete breakdown of glycogen catalyzes by glycogen debranching enzyme.

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