14. The stem-like axis above the cotyledon(s) is the:
(A) epicotyl.
(B) hypocotyl.
(C) plumule.
(D) funiculus.
(E) radicle.

1. Most functions carried out by elaborate systems of internal membranes in eukaryotes are carried out by the______ of bacteria. (A) mitochondria. (B) ribosomes. (C) chromosomes. (D) plasma membranes. (E) cell walls.

2. Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates called______ lives in the bodies of marine invertebrates. (A) protozoa. (B) zooxanthellae. (C)diatoms. (D) zoospores. (E) hyphae.

3. In oogamous sexual reproduction, the gametes are (A) the same in size and shape. (B) the same in size but differ in motility. (C) both motile but differ in size. (D) a motile sperm cell and a large, nonmotile egg. (E) none of the above.

4. Red tides are dangerous because the: (A) dinoflagellates cause them to produce a strong neurotoxin. (B) euglenoids cause them to produce a toxin that causes severe flulike symptoms. (C)green algae cause them to produce a severe allergic reaction in most people. (D) diatoms cause them to produce severe gastric distress. (E) red algae that cause them can disrupt shipping by clogging propellers.

5. In ascomycetes, plasmogamy occurs within the: (A) antheridium. (B) crozier. (C) ascogonium. (D) ascogenous bypha. (E) trichogyne.

6. Rhizoids of mosses: (A) provide anchorage to the gametophore. (B) absorb water for the rest of the plant. (C) absorb minerals for the rest of the plant. (D) have chloroplasts. (E) conduct water and minerals for the rest of the plant.

7. If you cut a cross section through the shoot apex of a moss, you might find: (A) an apical cell shaped like an inverted pyramid. (B) microgametangia. (C) megagametangia. (D) protoxylem and protophloem. (E) several layers of substantially differentiated tissues.

8. The indusium of Polypodiopsida is a: (A) cluster of sporangia. (B) leaf outgrowth covering a sorus. (C)leaf outgrowth covering a prothallus. (D) megaphyll. (E) "fiddlehead."

9. Betalains are red pigments found in beets and other members of the order Caryophyllales (cacti, carnations, nths, and most carnivorous plants). This pigment is not found in other groups, and the Cary derived from a common ancestor. The presence of betalain pigment in members of this group is a: (A) homoplasy. (B) synapomorpby. (C) clear indication that the group is polyphyletic. (D) All of these are correct.

10. Megaphylls evolved from: (A) microphylls that became more elaborate due to hormonal interactions. (B) enations that became vascularized. (C) spines that became vascularized. (D) three-dimensional branching systems that became planated and webbed. (E) the elaboration of ligules.

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