14. Which base may transform into uracil through deamination?
(A) Cytosine
(B) Thymine
(C) Adenine
(D) Guanine

(E) Xanthine

1. Which one of the following accounts for increased lactate formation in muscle under anaerobiosis?(A) Inhibition of hexokinase by glucose-6-phosphate(B) Provision of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate for the phosphoglyceromutase reaction(C) Inhibition of pyruvate kinase by pyruvate(D) Provision of a proper form of coenzyme for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(E) Inhibition of phosphofructokinase-1 by AMP

2. A human cell line is transfected with a sIRNA targeted toward MEK. When such cells are treated with agrowth factor which works through a tyrosine kinase receptor, which one of the following effects wouldoccur?(A) Activation of ERK(B) Activation of Myс(C) Activation of phosphollpase (PLC-v)(D) Activation of Fos(E) Activation of STAТ

3. In muscle, under anaerobic conditions, what is the net synthesis of ATP starting from one mole of glucosederived from muscle glycogen?(A) 1 mole of ATP(B) 2 moles of ATP(C) 3 moles of ATP(D) 4 moles of ATP(E) 5 moles of ATP

4. Which of the following is the compound A?(A) Citroyl-CoA(B) Citrate(C) 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid(D) 2-Hydroxypropane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid(E) 1-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate

5. Which of the following is the structure of compound B?(A) (B)(C)(D)(E) None of the above

6. Which of the following enzyme （C） catalyzes the conversion of compound B to compound D?(A) Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase(B) a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase(C) a-Ketoglutarate decarboxylase(D) Glutarate oxidase(E) aconitase

7. Which of the following is the compound D?(A) Succinyl phosphate(B) Adenylosuccinic acid(C) Succinyl-CoA(D) (Hydroxymethyl)succinyl-CoA(E) None of the above

8. Which of the following is the structure of compound E?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E) None of the above

9. The standard transformed free energy change for the conversion of compound F to oxaloacetate is +29.7kJ/mol, and the reaction is apparently thermodynamically unfavorable. Which of the following is the reasonfor its operation in cells?(A) The reaction is coupled to ATP hydrolysis(B) The reaction is coupled to electron transport chain(C) The continual removal of oxaloacetate drives the reaction(D) The oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) drives the reaction(E) Protonmotive force provides the energy to drive the reaction

10. Which of the following enzyme (G) catalyzes the conversion of compound F to oxaloacetate?(A) Malate dehydrogenase(B) Malate reductase(C) Oxaloacetate reductase(D) Fumarase(E) Fumarate reductase (quinol)

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