15. Ketone bodies are used as fuels in all tissues except liver, which lacks:
(A) β-ketoacyl-CoA transferase
(B) HMG-CoA synthase
(C) HMG-CoA reductase
(D) HMG-CoA lyase
(E) thiolase

11. Which amino acid catabolism can lead to the formation of α-ketoadipate? (A) Methionine, Histidine (B) Glycine, Cysteine (C) Leucine, Serine (D) Lysine, Tryptophan (E) Valine, Phenylalanine

12. Which of the following statements about fatty acids is correct? (A) Fatty acids are primarily stored in the body as triglycerides in muscle tissue. (B) Fatty acids with a higher number of double bonds tend to be more hydrophobic. (C) Omega-3 fatty acids are known to be beneficial for cardiovascular health. (D) Fatty acids are not involved in energy metabolism under normal conditions. (E) Short-chain fatty acids are typically found in significant amounts in dietary fats.

13. Cholesterol is synthesized from: (A) acetyl-CoA (B) malate (C) oxalate (D) lipoic acid (E) choline

14. The precursor of paracrine hormones such as prostaglandins is: (A) Palmitate (B) arachidonate (C) oleate (D) ceramide (E) steroid

16. Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is an important part of fatty acid biosynthesis because: (A) ACP binds the final product of fatty acid synthase to transport it to other places in the cell. (B) ACP connects the acetyl-CoA carboxylase with fatty acyl chain. (C) ACP covalently links with the acyl group from one active site to another in sequence. (D) ACP is essential only for the thioesterase activity that releases the product fatty acid from the enzyme. (E) ACP provides a way to store pantothenic acid when abundant so it is available during times when the amount of this vitamin in the diet is inadequate.

17. How many are reduced in the degradation of palmitoyl-CoA to form eight molecules of acetyl-CoA? (A) 1 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 14 (E) 16

18. Insulin is able to stimulate some lipid synthesis, including: (1) cholesterol (2) fatty acid (3) phospholipids (4) triacylglycerol (5) sphingolipids (A) (2) and (4) (B) (1), (2), and (5) (C) (2), (3), and (4) (D) (2) only (E) (1), (2), and (4)

19. In amino acid catabolism, the first reaction for many amino acids is a(n): (A) oxidative deamination requiring NAD+. (B) hydroxylation requiring NADPH and O2. (C) transamination requiring pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). (D) reduction requiring pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). (E) decarboxylation requiring thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).

20. The light-induced changes in chloroplasts which regulate key Calvin cycle enzymes include all except: (A) activation of rubisco activase. (B) Mg2+ efflux from the thylakoid lumen. (C) changes in stromal pH. (D) generation of reducing power. (E) All are true.

21. Initiation of gluconeogenesis occurs in the pyruvate carboxylase reaction, which converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate. In this pyruvate carboxylase catalyzed reaction, bicarbonate is "activated" by attachment to the _____ of ATP to form _____. (A) β-phosphate; carbonyl ADP (B) α-phosphate; carbonyl AMP (C) α-phosphate; carbonylphosphate (D) γ-phosphate; carbonylphosphate (E) γ-phosphate; carbonyl AMP