15. The real challenge is how to balance complex variables like safety and convenience, all while _____ politicians that they should invest in infrastructure.
(A) convince
(B) convinced
(C) convincing
(D) to convince

1. When a reading test calls for short written responses, and the grading of these responses takes into account spelling and grammar, _______ is said to be missing. (A) scoring validity (B) concurrent validity (C) scorer reliability (D) holistic scoring

2. In Canale and Swain’s model of communicative competence, _________ refers to the ability to combine ideas to achieve cohesion in form and coherence in thought. (A) vocabulary competence (B) grammatical competence (C) sociolinguistic competence (D) discourse competence

3. Which of the following statements about Differentiated Instruction (DI) is NOT true? (A) DI is more qualitative than quantitative. (B) DI is basically a kind of collaborative learning. (C) Differentiation may focus on content, process, of product. (D) The target audience of DI include learners at all levels of proficiency.

4. What teaching method does the following excerpt refer to? In the 1960s, Freire developed a native-language literacy program for slum dwellers and peasants in Brazil. He engaged learners in dialogues about problems in their lives. Those dialogues not only became the basis for literacy development, but also for reflection and action to improve students’ lives. Freire believed that education is to help students to understand the social, historical, or cultural forces that affect their lives, and then to help empower students to take action and make decisions in order to gain control over their lives. (A) Task-based Instruction (B) Content-based Instruction (C) Participatory Approach (D) Communicative Approach

5. Which of the following is characterized by its use of background knowledge to enhance the language-comprehension process? (A) Cooperative learning (B) Schema theory (C) Extrinsic motivation (D) Sociocultural theory 

II. Vocabulary & Grammar6. The continual noise of the machine became a(n) __________disturbance to the workers. It seemed that they could never get rid of it. (A) catchy (B) episodic (C) perpetual (D) spasmodic

7. The sense of community is slowly __________by the lack of sidewalks in many towns, which makes it harder to walk around and meet the neighbors. (A) abominated (B) exploited (C) debilitated (D) mitigated

8. New words are born, old words die, and rarely-used words are launched into the spotlight by __________events, medical breakthroughs, or even new trends in music or fashion. (A) brittle (B) voluminous (C) calamitous (D) delectable

9. The closing agreement procedures set forth in the revenue ruling is not a legal __________ for the treaty exemption. (A) inception (B) prerequisite (C) exponent (D) precaution

10. Fang Binxing, one of the creators of “The Great Firewall of China,” spoke to the gathering about “cyber__________.” He said national borders should be guarded in the online world as they are in the real world. And he said foreign interference with a country’s government should not be accepted. (A) impediment (B) interjection (C) dimension (D) sovereignty

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