15. Which of the following is not one type of alternative dispute resolution (ADR)?
(A) Mediation
(B) Arbitration
(C) Tribunal
(D) Negotiation

Part III : Please read the following paragraphs and find the best answer to Questions 16 to 20. (3% for each
question)

In 2023, the United Kingdom's highest court found that Rwanda is not a safe third country for the
government to send asylum seekers. In a unanimous judgment, the Supreme Court agreed with the Court
of Appeal that there are substantial grounds for believing that asylum seekers removed to Rwanda would
face a real risk of being returned to their home country where they could face illtreatment, known as
refoulement. This would put the UK in breach of its obligations of nonrefoulement under international
and domestic law. Regarding the UK's obligations under international law, the Court states that:

"Under international law, states have the right to control the entry, residence and
expulsion of aliens, and to counter attempts to circumvent immigration restrictions, subject
to their treaty obligations and to any relevant principles of customary international law. One
limitation of the right to expel aliens is the principle of nonrefoulement, which is enshrined
in several international treaties which the United Kingdom has ratified. As will appear, the
term bears slightly different meanings in different contexts. The Refugee Convention, which
has 146 states parties including the United Kingdom, provides in article 33(1) [...] The United

Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 1984 ("UNCAT"), which has 173 states parties including the United Kingdom, provides in article 3(1) [...] The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966 ("ICCPR"), also with 173 states parties including the United Kingdom, is interpreted by the United Nations Human Rights Committee, which monitors implementation of the Covenant, as imposing a similar obligation [...]. It may be that the principle of nonrefoulement also forms part of customary international law.[...]"