15. Which of the following statements about ketone bodies is incorrect？
(A) Ketone bodies are formed from acetyl CoA when fat breakdown predominates.
(B) The major site of production of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate is liver.
(C) In the mitochondria, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) is acted by HMG-CoA lyase to yield acetoacetate plus acetyl-CoA.
(D) High ketone bodies levels will rise the blood pH.
(E) To consume a healthy dose of odd-chain fatty acids is a ketogenic- advised diet.

1. Which of the following statements is true? (A) Xylose is a tetrose. (B) D-galactose and D-glucose are epimeric at C-4. (C) The anomer of α-D-glucopyranose is α-L-glucopyranose. (D) Sucrose is a reducing sugar. (E) Mild oxidation of β-D-glucopyranose with alkaline Cu (II) (Fehling’s solution) produces D-glucuronic acid.

2. Which of the following statements is not true? (A) Monitoring changes in the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin is an especially useful means of assessing the effectiveness of treatments for diabetes mellitus. (B) Dolichol phosphate is the mediator of N-linked glycoproteins which acquired the initial sugars in the golgi. (C) Glycosaminoglycans are acidic (anionic), through the presence of either sulfate or carboxylate groups. (D) Chitin is a homopolymer of acetylgalactosamine with β (14) linkages. (E) The most common linkages between sugar residues in disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides is absent 1 5.

3. Which of the following statements is not true? (A) Most naturally occurring fatty acids contain an even number of carbon atoms. (B) If double bonds are present (unsaturation), they are usually cis form. (C) The 90% spermaceti oil is a mixture of triacylglycerols and waxes containing an abundance of saturated fatty acids. (D) Waxes are formed by esterification of fatty acids and long-chain alcohols, which can serve energy stores and water repellents. (E) The major composition of olive oil is C16 and C18 unsaturated fatty acids.

4. Which of the following statements is not true? (1) The lipids of archaeal membranes do not contain a carboxylic acid ester, but instead have an ether link to the glycerol. (2) A suspension of triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids is most likely to form a liposome. (3) A bacterium such as E. coli is shifted from a warmer growth temperature to a cooler growth temperature, it compensates by adding more unsaturated fatty acids into its membranes. (4) Human B blood type is determined by the expression of α-1,3-N-galactosylaminyltransferase. (5) Phosphatidylserine is exclusively in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane of the human erythrocyte membrane and is wildly used in apoptosis detection. (A) 1 and 3, (B) 2 and 4, (C) 3 and 5, (D) only 4, (E) only 5.

5. Once acetylcholine binds to its receptor in the postsynaptic membrane, the membrane first becomes to open _______ channel, resulting in a depolarization. Then, followed by an outward flow of ______ , resulting in a hyperpolarization. (A) (B) K⁺ , Cl⁻ (C) (D) Na⁺ , K⁺ (E) Na⁺

6. The equivalent of ____ high-energy phosphates and ____ water molecules are consumed per mole of glucose synthesized by gluconeogenesis. (A) 6, 6. (B) 6, 11. (C) 11, 6. (D) 4, 11. (E) 4, 11.

7. The metabolism of propionic acid (propionate) derived from odd-chain fatty acid degradation require 1.biotin, 2. cobalamin, 3. niacin, 4. pyridoxine, 5. riboflavin, 6. thiamine. (A) 1 and 2, (B) 2 and 3, (C) 3 and 4, (D) 4 and 5, (E) 5 and 6.

8. (A) Maltose, (B) Lactose, (C) Sucrose, (D) Trehalose, (E) Cellobiose is available primarily as an artificial sweetener, derived from starch.

9. Which of the following enzymes can catalyze hydrogen peroxide into water? 1. catalase, 2. oxidase, 3. oxygenase, 4. peroxidase, 5. superoxide dismutase. (A)Only 1, (B) only 5, (C) 1 and 5, (D) 1 and 4, (E) 4 and 5.

10. Which of the following metabolic pathways is not the possible fate of oxaloacetate (OAA)? (A) OAA ↔ phosphoenolpyruvate, (B) OAA ↔ pyruvate, (C) OAA ↔ asparate, (D) OAA ↔ glutamate, (E) OAA ↔ malate.

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