１.爬升者：［動機是自利的］，他在處理公共事物的背後"價值或動機"是在"擴 大"他的權力、利得、名聲及威望。Climbers: In search of promotions, he seeks to aggrandize his current office/income and find new opport... 查看完整內容
Climbers: In search of promotions, he seeks to aggrandize his current office/income and find new opportunities above it (or outside the bureau).41 唐斯將「汲汲營營於權力的爭取，所得的增加、尊榮的提高」的官僚行為，稱為何種 官僚人格？
保守者：［動機是自利的］，不過和上者是反向的概念"爬升－保守"，他考量公共事務的主要標準是"安全與方便"，並"不在擴大"他的利得"僅保守維持"。 Conservers: Motivated by job security and convenience, they strongly oppose any losses in their existing power, income, and prestige but do not actively pursue more of these “goods”. 39 在學者黨斯(A. Downs)所建構的五種「理念型」官僚人格中，何者的動機是純屬自利的？
熱心者：［動機是混合的，利他也自利］，主要就是以"自己所執著的或獨以厚望"的但"狹隘"的政策概念全力以赴，並冀希從影響政策中"獲取權力"。 Advocates: As partisans, advocates promote everything they can within their jurisdiction. They have the tendency toward two-faced attitudes: each advocate is highly partisan externally, but an impartial arbiter internally. 其他很好分別：熱心者：政策中"獲取權力"。
倡導者：政策中"享有權力"。
倡導者：［動機是混合的，利他也自利］，是執著於一些"較大"的原則方向、政策觀點，從政策過程的運作中"享有權力"。 Zealots are poor general administrators because of the narrowness of their interests. They antagonize other officials by their refusal to be impartial. They are almost never assigned to high-level administrative or command positions. 31 黨斯（A. Downs）當官僚主要執著於一些 較大的原則方向或政策觀點，並從政策過程中享有權力時，此種人格類型為何？
政治家：［動機是混合的，利他也自利］，其眼光並"不僅侷限"在局部的事務，而是"全國性"的政策，所以他考量的是"總體的福利 "Statesmen: “Natural” statesmen are doomed to be misfits in office. Most are forced by the exigencies of their positions to behave like some other type (usually advocates).
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導致的原因有二:
