16. Urea and formamide are agents that denature double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) by
(A) forming ionic bonds with the backbone phosphates.
(B) breaking the phosphodiester bond.
(C) changing the pH to cause hydrolysis.
(D) competing effectively with the H-bonding between the base pairs.
(E) intercalating between base pairs and disrupting van der Waals interactions.

12. Which one is   not   the product of glycerophospholipid breakdown as signal molecules? (A) Arachidonic acid (B) Lysophosphatidic acid (C) Diacylglycerol (D) Inositol phosphates, including inositol-1,4,5-triPhosphate (E) Palmitate

13. Which one is   not  the difference between fatty acid breakdown and biosynthesis? (A) Intermediates linked to -SH groups of acyl carrier proteins (B) Synthesis in cytosol； breakdown in mitochondria (C) Synthesis are dependent on the fatty acid synthase. (D) Biosynthesis uses NADPH/NADP+； breakdown uses NADH/NAD*. (E) Biosynthesis in ER； breakdown in cytosol.

14. Which one proceeds with a oxidation? (A) Palmitic acid (16:0) (B) Lenoleic acid (C) Phytanic acid (D) Eicosapentaenoic acid (E) Long chain odd number lipid

15. In phosphoryl group transfer reactions, the ______ of the nucleotide serves as an information symbol, channeling the nucleotide to appropriate metabolic activities. (A) diphosphate anhydride (B) base (C) sugar-phosphate ester (D) pentose (E) phosphate-Mg2+ complex

17. In the Southern hybridization procedure, the gel after electrophoresis is treated with NaOH and then neutralized before blotting. What is the primary function of the alkaline treatment? (A) It neutralizes any acid soluble impurities in the gel. (B) It denatures the duplex DNA to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). (C) It neutralizes any acidic phosphate groups that might prevent hybridization. (D) It inactivates any restriction endonucleases that may be in the gel. (E) It cleaves the DNA into smaller fragments to permit greater efficiency of transfer.

18. When transketolase acts on fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the products are: (A) dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate. (B) xylulose 5-phosphate and erythrose 4-phosphate. (C) 3-phosphoglycerate and two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. (D) xylulose 5-phosphate and ribose 5-phosphate. (E) 3-phosphoglycerate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

19. The _____ of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is catalyzed by _____ (A) decarboxylation； pyruvate decarboxylase (B) carboxylation； pyruvate carboxylase (C) transacylation； pyruvate transacylase (D) dehydration； pyruvate dehydration complex (E) decarboxylation； pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

20. The anaplerotic reactions associated with the TCA cycle are a result of the: (A) use of many of the TCA cycle intermediates in biosynthesis. (B) decarboxylation reactions. (C) irreversible nature of some of the TCA cycle reactions. (D) oxidative nature of the TCA cycle. (E) production of GTP and reduced coenzymes.

21. ATP made in glycolysis and the TCA cycle is the result of _____ phosphorylation, and NADH-dependent ATP synthesis is the result of _____ phosphorylation. (A) oxidative； electron (B) proton-gradient； oxidative (C) substrate-level； oxidative (D) substrate-level； electron (E) oxidative； substrate-level

22. The reaction, ATP + AMP → 2ADP, is catalyzed by: (A) adenylatephosphorylase. (B) AMP-phosphotransferase. (C) ADP mutase. (D) adenylate kinase. (E) None are true.