17 關於神經性溝通障礙（neurogenic communication disorders），下列敘述何者正確？
(A)失語症是語言表現相較於智能基準，成等比例下降
(B)失語症是語言符號的利用與詮釋發生缺損
(C)言語失用症（apraxia of speech）涉及語音共鳴、力量與協調的缺損
(D)言語失用症是周邊與中樞神經系統的病理缺損

補充一下B/C/D
參考書籍：
Brookshire, R. H., & McNeil, M. R. (2015). Introduction to neurogenic communication disorders
 (8th ed.). Mosby. p389,399.
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☛B選項是語言符號的解碼與編碼歷程出現缺損。 
☛C選項的敘述指的是吶語症(dysarthria)，其評估的項目有包含語音共鳴(p414)。
其定義可參考：

Darley et al. (1975) define dysarthria as follows:

Dysarthria is a collective name for a group of speech disorders 

resulting from disturbances in muscular control over the speech 

mechanism due to damage of the central or peripheral nervous system. 

It designates problems in oral communication due to paralysis, 

weakness, or incoordination of the speech musculature. It differentiates 

such problems from disorders of higher centers related to the faulty 

programming of movements and sequences of movements (apraxia of 

speech) and to the inefficient processing of linguistic units (aphasia). 

(p. 246)

☛D選項周邊和中樞神經系統缺損的是吶語症。
言語失用症是中樞神經系統的缺損，特別是左腦；
至於言語失用症的定義以及與失語症、吶語症的比較可見如下：

Darley (1969) settled on the label "apraxia of speech"

for the speech syndrome, and since then speech-language pathologists

and many others have used this label for the collection of articulatory impairments

described by Darley et al. (1975):

Apraxia of speech is a distinct motor speech disorder 

distinguishable from the dysarthrias (speech disorders due to 

impaired innervation of speech musculature) and aphasia

(a language disorder due to impairment of the brain mechanism 

for decoding and encoding the symbol system used in spoken 

and written communication). Apraxia of speech is a disorder 

of motor speech programming manifested primarily by errors 

in articulation and secondarily by compensatory alterations of 

prosody. The speaker shows reduced efficiency in accomplishing the 

oral postures necessary for phoneme production and the sequences 

of those postures for production of words. The disorder is frequently 

associated with aphasia but may also occur in isolation.

Oral (non-speech) apraxia may co-occur. (p. 267)

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小結：
簡單來說吶語症和言語失用症他們都屬於Motor Speech Disorders Apraxia of Speech， 症狀都有構音上的困難，但彼此構音的病理機制不同。
前者主要跟發音的肌肉力量、穩定性、準確性、速度有關異常，
影響包含呼吸、發聲、構音、共鳴、音韻等功能；
後者主要不是肌肉控制的問題，而是motor pragramming & planning
(怎麼協調發音的器官如唇、舌頭、下頜骨共同運作)，
後者常常知道要說些什麼但大腦無法整合這些動作導致他們無法溝通真正他們想表達的意思。
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至於這題為什麼出在這裡...就不清楚惹QQ