17. A banking system allows users to transfer money between accounts. The system must maintain atomicity and isolation. Consider the following transaction steps:
(1) Check if Account A has enough balance
(2) Deduct the amount from Account A
(3) Add the amount to Account B
(4) Commit the transaction
Which of the following database properties is most critical to prevent a scenario where money is deducted from Account A but not added to Account B due to a system crash?
(A) Durability
(B) Isolation
(C) Atomicity
(D) Consistency

(E) Concurrency

1. A software engineer is optimizing a real-time embedded system. The processor being used follows the RISC architecture. Which of the following optimizations is best suited for this processor? (A) Minimizing pipeline stalls by keeping instruction execution times uniform (B) Using highly optimized microcode for complex instructions (C) Utilizing variable-length instructions to reduce code size (D) Optimizing for micro-op fusion to minimize instruction count (E) Relying on Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP) to reduce execution cycles

2. Which of the following is the goal of a page replacement algorithm?(A) Decrease disk access time (B) Increase CPU utilization(C) Reduce page faults (D) Reduce the number of processes(E) Increase memory fragmentation

3. Suppose you are using the MNIST dataset to train a neural network model to recognize handwritten digits. Which of the following settings is practical? (A) To accelerate convergence, you can set the learning rate to 256 initially. (B) To make the model more generalized, you can randomly apply image mirroring with a probability of 1/2. (C) To avoid gradient explosion, you can limit the gradient size to 2. (D) To avoid difficulty in training the model, the order of the images should be fixed during training. (E) Since the goal of training is to classify digits from 0 to 9, which is a regression problem, you should set the number of output nodes to 1 and use mean square error as the loss function.

4. In the supervised learning, what is the purpose of a grid search?(A) To shift the decision boundary or regression line.(B) To split the data into training and testing sets.(C) To select the best features for a model.(D) To prevent overfitting.(E) To search for the best combination of hyperparameters for a given model.

5. A program has a one-dimensional array of integers A. Each element of the array is a four-byte integer. The array is stored in contiguous memory space. If the memory address of A[100] is 2000, then which of the following is the address of A[50]? (A) 1000 (B) 1800 (C) 996 (D) 1004 (E) 1200

6. Huffman coding is an efficient method of compressing data without losing information. Symbols that appear more often will be encoded as a shorter bit string, while symbols that are not used much will be encoded with longer strings. If Huffman coding is used to compress a sequence with 5 different codewords, which of the following probability distributions will lead to the WORST compression ratio? (A) 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2 (B) 0.02, 0.02, 0.03, 0.03, 0.9 (C) 0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.3 (D) 0.1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.3 (E) 0.05, 0.05, 0.2, 0.2, 0.5

7. A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack attempts to consume the target’s resources so that it cannot provide service. What is a DDoS attack and how does it work? (A) A type of malware that infects multiple machines and spreads through a network. (B) A type of cyber attack that targets an individual user's personal information. (C) A type of attack that attempts to overload a server or network with traffic from multiple sources. (D) A type of attack that exploits vulnerabilities in software to gain unauthorized access to a system. (E) A type of attack that intercepts and manipulates data transmitted over a network.

8. Which of the following statements is CORRECT about decision trees in data mining?(A) Decision trees cannot handle categorical data.(B) A deeper decision tree always improves model performance.(C) Decision trees do not support ensemble learning.(D) A decision tree must always be binary.(E) Pruning is used to reduce overfitting in decision trees.

9. As computer systems evolve, greater performance can be achieved by taking advantage of improvements in technology, such as faster circuitry. Which of the following is a method used in computer organization to increase the performance of a CPU by allowing multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously? (A) Multithreading (B) Multiprocessing (C) Pipelining (D) Supercomputing (E) Parallel computing

10. Which operating system scheduling algorithm may lead to starvation?(A) First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) (B) Shortest Job First (SJF)(C) Round Robin (D) Multilevel Queue(E) First-In, First-Out (FIFO)

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