17. All of the following may serve as intracellular messengers EXCEPT
(A) calcium ions
(B) cAMP
(C) inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
(D) acetylcholine
(E) 1,2-diacylglycerol

1. During the evolution of life on Earth, the photo-synthetic organisms initially responsible for raising atmospheric oxygen concentrations from less than 1 percent to about 20 percent were (A) cyanobacteria(B) archaea (C) diatoms (D) flowering plants (E) mosses.

2. Immediately after fertilization in animals, the first structural and biochemical changes in the egg are initiated by (A) new gene transcription (B) the release offrom internal reservoirs (C) the initiation of DNA synthesis (D) a lowering of cytosolic pH (E) a sudden drop in ATP levels

3. The outermost tissue of a tree trunk that is 2 meters in diameter would most likely be (A) epidermis (B) cork (C) cortex (D) phloem (E) xylem

4. Which of the following animal phyla is diploblastic, that is, exhibits only two cmbryonic germ layers? (A) Rotifera (B) Mollusca (C) Nematoda (D) Platyhelminthes (E) Cnidaria

5. Which of the following statements is correct with respect to mitochondrial genes? (A) They are transmitted, largely intact, from parent to offspring. (B) Their inheritance ce shows Mendel's principle of segregation. (C) Their inheritance shows Mendel's principle of independent assortment. (D) Aand B are correct. (E) A, B, and C are correct

6. All of the following occur during the cleavage stage of animal development EXCEPT (A) an increase in the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of the cells (B) an increase in the number of blastomeres (C) an increase in the mass of the embryo (D) an increase in the surface-to-volume ratio of the cells (E) rapid cell divisions

7. The logistic equation on the right is used to describe the rate of change of a population, N, with time, t, where r is the intrinsic rate of increase and K is the carrying capacity. Which of the following statements is true for this equation? (A) For a given population, r is variable.  (B) For a given environment, K is variable. (C) As Napproaches K, dN/dt approaches 0. (D) As N approaches K, dN/dt approaches K. (E) As N approaches K, dN/at approaches r.

8. If two parents that are heterozygous (Aa) at a single locus give rise to offspring that are 25 percent AA, 50 percent Aa, and 25 percent aa, then all of the following are true EXCEPT: (A) The parents are diploid organisms. (B) The a allele is recessive lethal. (C) The alleles assort independently. (D) The gametes combine at random. (E) The probability that a given gamete will receive allele A is one-half.

9. Which of the following is true of the polymerase chain reaction? (A) It enables a small amo ount of DNA to be amplified. (B) It involves the addition of a poly-A sequence to mRNA. (C) It cuts DNA into numerous small fragments for analysis. (D) It separates DNA fragments according to size. (E) It requires RNA in order to proceed.

10. Additions or deletions of bases in the nucleotide sequence of a structural gene most often result in (A) an altered sequence of amino acids in the protein that the gene encodes (B) insertion of a new intron into the coding sequence of the gene (C) decreased histone binding (D) decreased excision repair (E) increased levels of mRNA production

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