17. Complex I and Complex II produce a common product which is:
(A) NAD⁺,
(B) FAD,
(C) reduced cyt c,
(D) reduced coenzyme Q,
(E) reduced O₂.

1. Which lipid is NOT the major component of biological membranes? (A) cholesterol, (B) phosphatidylcholine, (C) arachidonic acid, (D) choline sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine.

2. What biomolecule defines human blood types O, A, B, and AB? (A) IgG, (B) Cell surface glycans, (C) Cell surface lipids, (D) mRNA,(E) Extracellular matrix proteins.

3. Which of the following molecule is the building block of DNA? (A)(B)(C)(D)(E)

4. Which of the following statements about membrane transport is CORRECT? (A) Charged molecules can pass through the membrane spontaneously, (B) Active transport absolutely requires ATP hydrolysis, (C) Conformational changes are not required for active transporters, (D) The directionality of transport is determined by the structure of channel proteins, (E) Facilitated diffusion can be saturated by substrates.

5. Which of the following statement about glycosaminoglycans is INCORRECT? (A) They are branched polysaccharides, (B) They are components of proteoglycans, (C) They tend to be negatively charged, (D) They can be found in tendons, cartilage, and other connective tissue, (E) They are components of extracellular matrix.

6. Which of the following descriptions about defective urea cycle is wrong? (A) The level of ammonia in the blood will decline, causing hypoammonemia, (B) Ammonia can enter the brain, inhibiting the TCA cycle and resulting in brain dysfunction, (C) this problem may arise because of damage to the liver, (D) this problem can be caused by mutations in carbamoy1 phosphate synthetase, (E) none of the above. LINE

7. Which of the following descriptions about photorespiration is wrong? (A) It occurs when O2 is used in the Calvin-Benson cycle instead of CO2, (B) C3 plants have higher risk of photorespiration than C4 plants, (C) C4 plants use PEP-carboxylase for initial CO2 fixation, (D) peroxisomes serve important organelles in photorespiration by the conversion of glycine to serine, CO2, and NH3, (E) none of the above.

8. Which of the following descriptions about photosynthesis is wrong? (A) In cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons are removed from water and passed through PSII and PSI before ending up in NADPH, (B) the electron transfers of the light-dependent reactions are driven by the absorption of energy from light, (C) the antenna complex is an array of protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane, (D) the pigment molecules collect energy and transfer it towards the reaction center, (E) none of the above.

9. Which of the following descriptions about ATP synthases is wrong? (A) They can be found in mitochondria, chloroplast and plasma membrane, (B) they account for the irreversible catalysis of ATP to ADP and Pi, (C) they can be classified as F-, V-, A-, or P-ATPases based on their functional differences, (D) the pH gradient acts as a 'battery' to store the electrochemical energy for ATP production, (E) none of the above.

10. Which of the following descriptions about starch synthesis is wrong? (A) Starch consists of the two glucose polymers, amylopectin and amylose, (B) starch is synthesized in the plastids, (C) the synthesis of ADP-glucose is often regarded as the "committed step" of starch synthesis, (D) starch is a non-structural carbohydrate, composed of glucose polymers linked by B- (1,4)-glycosidic bonds, (E) none of the above.

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