17Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with intense male-male competition is an example of which of the following?
(A)convergent evolution
(B)similarity due to shared ancestry
(C) homology
(D) parsimony

複選題19 Use the diagram to answer the following question.Which of the following conclusions is consistent with the information in the evolutionary tree?(A)The amnion occurs in mammals, birds, and lizards.(B)Amnion occurs in all organisms with digit-bearing limbs.(C) The amnion is a membrane that surrounds developing embryos.(D) Feathers contribute to temperature regulation in birds.

20Bird guides once listed the myrtle and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification? (A)The two forms often interbreed in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well. (B)The two forms live in similar habitats and have similar food requirements. (C) The two forms have many genes in common. (D) The two forms are very similar in appearance.

21In 2013, researchers constructed a vesicle that could copy a template strand of RNA. Which of the following best states the significance of this evidence concerning the abiotic origin of life? (A)On early Earth, such vesicles could increase in abundance more than vesicles that could not copy a template strand of RNA. (B)On early Earth, such vesicles were better able to acquire energy than vesicles that could not copy a template strand of RNA. (C) This experimental achievement demonstrated that RNA is a more chemically stable information repository than DNA. (D) This experimental achievement proved that such vesicles could produce daughter protocells.

22 Which of the following statements best supports the argument that viruses are nonliving? (A)They do not carry out metabolic processes. (B)Their DNA does not encode proteins. (C) They have RNA rather than DNA. (D) They do not evolve.

23 Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. Which of the following statements best explains the inability of bacteria to survive in such an environment? (A)they undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell (B)they are unable to metabolize the glucose or fructose and thus starve to death (C) they are obligate anaerobes (D) they are unable to swim through these thick and viscous materials

24 According to the endosymbiotic theory, it was adaptive for the larger host cell to keep the engulfed cell alive rather than digesting it as food because_________. (A)the engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (B)the engulfed cell provided the host cell with carbon dioxide (C) the engulfed cell allowed the host cell to metabolize glucose (D) the host cell was able to survive anaerobic conditions with the engulfed cell alive

25Which description of the plant cell expansion is WRONG? (A)It is driven by the cell's ability to take up water by osmosis (B)It is regulated by the orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall (C) It is regulated by the mechanical properties of the cell wall (D) The plant hormone auxin regulates it. (E) It is inhibited by apoplastic acidification.

26 Which description of the plant vacuole is WRONG? (A)It participates in the generation of turgor pressure. (B)Vacuolar acidification requires the combined activity of vacuolar ATPase and vacuolar H+-PPase. (C) It occupies more than 70% of the cellular volume of plant cells. (D) It is a degradative site for secondary metabolites. E) It allows plants to adapt to the fluctuating availability of essential nutrients.

27Physcomitrella patens is a non-vascular plant commonly referred to as: (A)mosses (B)liverworts (C) hornworts (D) ferns (E) gymnosperm

28 Which description of the plant hormone auxin is WRONG?(A)Polar auxin transport requires energy and contributes to many critical auxin-dependent responses.(B)Polarly localized proteins are required for polar auxin transport.(C) Auxin entry into plant cells is mediated by diffusion or active uptake via an uptake carrier.(D) Auxin modulated initiation of lateral roots.(E) Auxin works synergistically with jasmonic acid to promote xylem differentiation.

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