18. According to the article, what happened after researchers removed the MAP4K2 gene?
(A) Tumors observably disappeared in all mice
(B) Regulatory T cells increased inside tumors
(C) Anti-PD-1 therapy stopped working
(D) Cytotoxic T cells became more active against tumors

19. Which statement is most likely true based on the article? (A) Pancreatic cancer only affects older adults. (B) Scientists believe MAP4K2 may help improve future cancer treatments. (C) Anti-PD-1 therapy may be harmful to the immune system. (D) The new treatment is already widely available in hospitals.

20. What is the main idea of this passage? (A) New excavation evidence shows Neanderthals used advanced food-processing techniques much earlier than previously known. (B) Neanderthals were more violent hunters than modern humans. (C) Scientists discovered a new species of animal at the Neumark-Nord site. (D) Neanderthals built permanent settlements near lakes in ancient Europe.

21. Based on the article, what can be inferred about the level of cognitive ability possessed by the Neanderthals at Neumark-Nord? (A) They had limited cognitive abilities and relied on instinct rather than planning. (B) They could perform only simple, repetitive food-gathering tasks. (C) They demonstrated strategic thinking, environmental awareness, and forward planning. (D) They were intellectually inferior to modern humans in all measurable ways.

22. If researchers discovered a similar ancient site with thousands of broken animal bones near a water source, what would this passage suggest about the likely inhabitants of that site? (A) They might have been a nomadic people with no food processing knowledge. (B) They might rely entirely on plant-based diets and might avoid hunting large animals. (C) They were modern humans who might have migrated from South America. (D) They may have had organized hunting and advanced resource extraction strategies.

23. A teacher requires students to repeat sentence patterns in unison and provides immediate corrective feedback to prevent errors from becoming habitual. This approach is most consistent with (A) Direct Method (B) Natural Approach (C) Audiolingual Method (D) Communicative Language Teaching

24. In a language classroom, a teacher asks students to describe a familiar route from school to their home in written form and then share their descriptions orally with a partner. This activity is most likely to develop (A) their Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS). (B) their Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) (C) their sense of direction, which students often confuse. (D) the integration of language with science.

25. A teacher is designing a lesson following Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Which activity best reflects this principle? (A) Asking students to complete tasks entirely independently without support (B) Giving students tasks far beyond their current ability to challenge them (C) Providing guided support (scaffolding) and gradually removing it as students improve (D) Allowing students to choose only tasks they already know how to do

26. In bilingual education, what is a key theoretical difference between translanguaging and traditional code-switching? (A) Code-switching views bilingual speakers as drawing on a single integrated linguistic repertoire, whereas translanguaging assumes two completely separate language systems. (B) Code-switching often treats languages as separate and bounded systems, whereas translanguaging views bilingual speakers' linguistic resources as an integrated repertoire. (C) Translanguaging strictly prohibits students from using their first language in class, whereas code-switching encourages full immersion in the target language. (D) Translanguaging refers only to translating words between two languages, whereas code-switching refers to using multiple modes such as images, gestures, and speech.

27. Before a science group activity, the teacher explicitly teaches students English expressions such as "Take turns," "Work with your partner," and "Ask your group members for ideas" so that they can participate in the group task. According to Do Coyle's Language Triptych in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), which type of language do these expressions best represent? (A) Language of learning (B) Language about learning (C) Language through learning (D) Language for learning

28. A curriculum that is integrated with or interconnected to other subjects/domains of knowledge provides learners with enriched and broadened contexts in which they may not only practice the language effectively but also gain the to learn. (A) impetus (B) reluctance (C) permission (D) prohibition

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