18. During what renal process are molecules selectively removed from the tubule lumen, moved into the interstitial space, and removed from the kidneys by the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta?

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(A) filtration
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(B) secretion
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(C) excretion
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(D) reabsorption
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(E) absorption

19. Bicarbonate crosses the apical membrane of the proximal tubule by - (A) $$\text{HCO}_3^- / \text{Cl}^-$$ countertransporters. - (B) $$\text{Na}^+/\text{HCO}_3^-$$ cotransporters. - (C) conversion to carbon dioxide. - (D) $$\text{HCO}_3^-$$ active transporters. - (E) $$\text{Na}^+/\text{HCO}_3^-$$ countertransporters.

20. Once the chyme begins to enter the duodenum, it must first be ______ before any of the enzymes in the pancreatic juices can be activated. - (A) deacidified - (B) acidified - (C) dehydrated - (D) hydrated - (E) phosphorylated

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