18. Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y for pigment on the outside of the feather, and B for pigment on the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white. Two blue budgies were crossed. Over the years, they produced 22 offspring, five of which were white. What are the most likely genotypes for the two blue budgies?
(A)yyBB and yyBB
(B)yyBB and yyBb
(C) yyBb and yyBb
(D) yyBb and yybb

1. One primary advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that ___________.(A)light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy (B)light microscopy provides for higher resolution than electron microscopy (C) light microscopy allows the visualization of dynamic processes in living cells (D) light microscopy provides higher contrast than electron microscopy

2. Which of the following is the most common pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? (A)rough ER → Golgi → transport vesicle → nucleus (B)Golgi rough ER → lysosome → transport vesicle → plasma membrane (C) rough ER → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane (D) rough ER → lysosome → transport vesicle → plasma membrane

3. Cell membranes have distinct inside and outside faces. Which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for the membrane's asymmetrical nature? (A)Since the cell membrane forms a border between one cell and another in tightly packed tissues such as epithelium, the membrane must be asymmetrical. (B)Since cell membranes communicate signals from one organism to another, the cell membranes must be asymmetrical. (C) The two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions. (D) Proteins only function on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, which results in the membrane's asymmetrical nature.

4. Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff. Similar stalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that the fresh water ___________.(A)and the salt solution are both hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks (B)is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks (C) is hypertonic and the salt solution is hypotonic to the cells of the celery stalks (D) is isotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks

5. Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell? (A)anabolic reactions (B)hydrolysis (C) digestion (D) catabolic reactions

6. Which of the following conditions may be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction with a fixed amount of enzyme? (A)the need for a coenzyme (B)allosteric inhibition (C) noncompetitive inhibition (D) competitive inhibition

7. Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? (A)an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell (B)an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it (C) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized (D) an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to

8. Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location in eukaryotic cells? (A)cytoplasm adjacent to the mitochondrial outer membrane (B)mitochondrial inner membrane (C) mitochondrial intermembrane space (D) mitochondrial matrix

9. A spaceship is designed to support animal life for a multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system. Plants will be grown to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide. Since the spaceship will be too far from the sun for photosynthesis, an artificial light source will be needed. Suppose a plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment and the leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are absorbed by this pigment? (A)red and yellow (B)blue and violet (C) green and yellow (D) green and red

10. P680+ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Given its function, why is this necessary? (A)It is the receptor for the most excited electron in either photosystem of photosynthesis. (B)It is the molecule that transfers electrons to plastoquinone (Pq) of the electron transfer system. (C) It transfers its electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. (D) It obtains electrons from the oxygen atom in a water molecule, so it must have a stronger attraction for electrons than oxygen has.

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